Predictive model for early postoperative stomal complications in colorectal cancer: A systematic review

Table 5 Proposed nomogram model for prediction of stomal complications

Factors	Criteria	Score1
Age, years	≤ 65	0
	> 65	1
Gender	Male	0
	Female	1
BMI, kg/m2	18.5-25	0
	> 25	1
Diabetes or cardiac comorbidities	No	0
	Yes	1
Tobacco abuse	No	0
	Yes	1
Long-term immunosuppression, > 3 months	No	0
	Yes	1
ASA status	< Grade III	0
	≥ Grade III	1
AJCC stage of carcinoma	Stage 1 or 2	0
	Stage 3 or 4	1
Preoperative chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy	No	0
	Yes	1
Type of surgery	Elective	0
	Emergency	1
Experience of surgeon	Specialist colorectal surgeon	0
	Trainee
	Senior registrar	1
Preoperative stoma markings	No	0
	Yes	1
Intraoperative difficulty related to length of exteriorized bowel or vascularity	No	0
	Yes	1
CRP level > 170 mg/dL on postoperative day 3	No	0
	Yes	1
NLR ≥ 3.54 preoperatively	No	0
	Yes	1
NLR ≥ 5.5 on postoperative day 7	No	0
	Yes	1
NAR > 0.086 on postoperative day 3	No	0
	Yes	1
GLR > 3.662 on postoperative day 3	No	0
	Yes	1
GLB ≤ 28 g/L on postoperative day 3	No	0
	Yes	1
Use of artificial intelligences	Yes	0
	No	1

¹Higher the total score, more is the risk of stomal complications.

BMI: Body mass index; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; AJCC: American Joint Committee on Cancer; CRP: C-reactive protein; NLR: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; NAR: Neutrophil-to-albumin ratio; GLR: Glucose-to-lymphocyte ratio; GLB: Globulin level.