Adoptive cell therapy in colorectal cancer: Advances in chimeric antigen receptor T cells

Figure 3 Schematic diagram of T-cell receptor-T cell construction and preparation. T-cell receptor (TCR)-T cell therapy involves genetically modifying T cells to express tumor-specific TCRs, enhancing immune recognition of tumor antigens presented by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules. The process includes tumor and blood sample collection, antigen identification via proteomics and sequencing, T cell stimulation and selection using HLA-I tetramer staining, TCR gene sequencing and cloning, and lentiviral transfection to generate engineered TCR-T cells. These cells are expanded and reinfused into the patient to specifically target and eliminate tumor cells. TCR: T-cell receptor; IFN: Interferon; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; APC: Antigen-presenting cell; PBMC: Peripheral blood mononuclear cell. (Created with BioRender.com).