Advances in pancreatic cancer epigenetics: From the mechanism to the clinic

Table 3 Epigenetic markers in prognosis evaluation

Epigenetic marker	Description	Association with prognosis	Potential for use
MET hypomethylation	Hypomethylation of MET and ITGA2 correlates with high gene expression, associated with lower survival rates	High expression correlated with low survival rates	Useful in prognostic evaluation, treatment monitoring
ITGA2 hypomethylation	Methylation of the SFRP1 promoter serves as a prognostic and predictive biomarker in pancreatic cancer	Predicted poor prognosis and potential recurrence	Useful as a blood biomarker for stage III or IV pancreatic cancer
CDKN2A methylation	Methylation of CDKN2A promotes tumor initiation and metastasis, correlating with poor prognosis	Strong correlation with cell cycle dysregulation, leading to metastasis	Can be used for monitoring prognosis and recurrence
SFRP1 methylation	Methylation of SFRP1 has high specificity for advanced pancreatic cancer, correlating with poor prognosis	A predictive blood biomarker for stage III or IV pancreatic cancer	Potential blood biomarker for pancreatic cancer diagnosis
NPTX2 methylation	NPTX2 methylation in cfDNA correlates with poor prognosis and overall survival prediction	Associated with poor prognosis and treatment response	Non-invasive blood biomarker for prognosis and monitoring
HOTAIR (lncRNA)	HOTAIR overexpression in advanced cancer stages correlates with poor survival and advanced tumor stages	High expression linked to low survival, particularly in late-stage cancer	Useful for determining survival potential in late cancer stages
circFARP1	High expression of circFARP1 in serum correlates with lower survival rates in pancreatic cancer	High levels in serum linked to poor survival rates	Potential prognostic marker in serum for advanced PDAC
miR-196a	High expression of miR-196a is associated with lower survival rates and poor prognosis	Associated with poor prognosis, affects metastasis	Associated with better survival outcomes, useful in treatment
miR-210	High expression of miR-210 correlates with improved survival rates in pancreatic cancer patients	Correlated with improved survival rates in pancreatic cancer	May help predict the prognosis and overall survival
miR-124	Low expression of miR-124 is associated with metastasis and poor prognosis	Low miR-124 expression correlated with metastasis and reduced survival	Potential prognostic marker for cancer invasiveness

PDAC: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; lncRNA: Long noncoding RNA.