Role of myosin heavy chain 9 in gastrointestinal tumorigenesis: A comprehensive review

Figure 4 Myosin heavy chain 9 activates pan-mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling molecules, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. This activation leads to the induction of nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2 transcriptional activity, the upregulation of the antioxidant enzymes, and the reduction of cellular reactive oxygen species levels. The antioxidant enzyme, such as glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit, further confers cell invasion and radioresistance, resulting in aggressive cancer and poor prognosis. MYH9: Myosin heavy chain 9; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinases; Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2; ARE: Antioxidant response element; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; GCLC: Glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit; GCLM: Glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit.