Tumor-derived exosomal miR-425-5p and miR-135b-3p enhance colorectal cancer progression through immune suppression and vascular permeability promotion

Figure 5 Exosomal miR-425-5p and mir-135b-3p inhibition modulates the immune microenvironment in tumor tissues. A: Immunofluorescence staining of M1 marker inducible nitric oxide synthase and M2 marker CD206 in tumor tissues; B: Flow cytometry analysis of tumor-infiltrating T cells, including CD4⁺IFNγ⁺ T helper 1 (Th1), CD4⁺IL-4⁺ Th2, CD4⁺IL-17A⁺ Th17, and CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺ regulatory T cell; C: ELISA results of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrotic factor alpha in tumor tissues. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01, ^cP < 0.001 vs model (n = 3-5 per group). CD206: Macrophage mannose receptor 1; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; Th: T helper cells; Treg: Regulatory T cells; IL-1β: Interleukin 1 beta; IL-6: Interleukin 6; TNF-α: Tumor necrotic factor alpha.