Predicting gastric cancer survival using machine learning: A systematic review

Table 1 Extracted characteristics of the included articles

Ref.	Country	Data source	Samples	Pre-processing	Feature selection	Survival	Data types	Machine learning algorithms	Validation	Evaluation	Hyperparameter tuning
Rahman et al[19] (2021)	United Kingdom	NOGCA (2012-2018)	2931	Yes	Yes	OS	Clinical	RF	Internal	AUC, C-index, Brier-score, Calibration	No
Chen et al[20] (2019)	China	TANRICTCGA	134	Yes	Yes	OS, DFS	Clinical, molecular	SVM	Internal	C-index, AUC	Yes
Tian et al[21] (2024)	China	Zhongshan Hospital	1120	Yes	No	OS, DFS	Clinical, image	DL	Internal, external	C-index, AUC	Yes
Islam et al[29] (2024)	United States	Fujian Medical University Union Hospital	135	Yes	Yes	OS	Image	RF, SVM, KNN, NB	Internal	AUC, accuracy,sensitivity, specificity, F1-score	Yes
Chen et al[22] (2024)	China	TCGA	Not reported	Yes	Yes	OS	Clinical, molecular	Multiple machine earning	External	C-Index, AUC, calibration	Yes
Kuwayama et al[30] (2023)	Japan	Chiba Cancer Center (2007-2016)	1687	Yes	Yes	OS	Clinical	LR, GB, DL, RF	Internal	AUC, accuracy	No
Zeng et al[27] (2024)	China	SEER (2000-2019)	11076	Yes	Yes	OS	Clinical	RF, DL	Internal, external	C-Index, AUC, Brier-score, Calibration	Yes
Wu et al[25] (2024)	China	SEER	11414	Yes	Yes	OS	Clinical	DL, RF LR	Internal, external	C-Index, AUC, calibration, decision curve analysis	Yes
Li et al[26] (2022)	China	Nanfang Hospital (2004-2016)	695	Yes	Yes	OS, DFS	Clinical	SVM	Internal, external	AUC	No
Aznar-Gimeno et al[32] (2024)	Spain	16 general hospitals (2023-2012)	1246	Yes	Yes	OS	Clinical, molecular	RF, XGboost, DL, SVM	External	Index, Brier-score	Yes
Jiang et al[34] (2022)	China	Nanfang Hospital (2005-2012)	510	No	No	DFS	Clinical CT	DL	Internal, external	C-index, AUC, Brier-score, Calibration	Yes
Li et al[28] (2024)	China	TCGA	325	Yes	Yes	OS	Clinical, molecular	Multiple machine learning	External	C-index, AUC, Calibration	Yes
Liao et al[33] (2024)	China	SEER (2000–2019)	775	Yes	Yes	CSS	Clinical	Multiple machine learning	Internal	AUC, Calibration	Yes
Wei et al[23] (2022)	China	TCGA	357	Yes	Yes	OS	Clinical, molecular, image	MultiDeepCox-SC	External	C-index, AUC	Yes
Afrash et al[31] (2023)	Iran	Ayatollah Talleghani Hospital (2010-2017)	974	Yes	Yes	OS	Clinical	XGBoost, HGB, SVM	Internal	Accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, AUC, F1-score	Yes
Zeng et al[27] (2023)	China	SEER (2000-2019)	14177	Yes	Yes	OS	Clinical	RF, DL	Internal	C-index, AUC, Brier-score, Calibration, IBS	Yes

TCGA: The Cancer Genome Atlas; SEER: Surveillance, epidemiology, and end results; NOGCA: National oeosophago-gastric cancer audit; OS: Overall survival; CSS: Cancer-specific survival; DFS: Disease-free survival; RF: Random forest; SVM: Support vector machine; DL: Deep learning; KNN: K-nearest neighbors; NB: Naive bayes; GB: Gradient boosting; XGboost: Extreme gradient boosting; HGB: Histogram-based gradient boosting; AUC: Area under the curve; IBS: Integrated brier score; LR: Logistic regression.