Systematic Reviews
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Gastrointest Oncol. May 15, 2025; 17(5): 103804
Published online May 15, 2025. doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v17.i5.103804
Table 1 Extracted characteristics of the included articles
Ref.
Country
Data source
Samples
Pre-processing
Feature selection
Survival
Data types
Machine learning algorithms
Validation
Evaluation
Hyperparameter tuning
Rahman et al[19] (2021)United KingdomNOGCA (2012-2018)2931YesYesOSClinicalRFInternalAUC, C-index, Brier-score, CalibrationNo
Chen et al[20]
(2019)
ChinaTANRICTCGA134YesYesOS, DFSClinical, molecularSVMInternalC-index, AUCYes
Tian et al[21]
(2024)
ChinaZhongshan Hospital1120YesNoOS, DFSClinical, imageDLInternal, externalC-index, AUCYes
Islam et al[29] (2024)United StatesFujian Medical University Union Hospital135YesYesOSImageRF, SVM, KNN, NBInternalAUC, accuracy,sensitivity, specificity, F1-scoreYes
Chen et al[22] (2024)ChinaTCGANot reportedYesYesOSClinical, molecularMultiple machine earningExternalC-Index, AUC, calibrationYes
Kuwayama et al[30] (2023)JapanChiba Cancer Center (2007-2016)1687YesYesOSClinicalLR, GB, DL, RFInternalAUC, accuracyNo
Zeng et al[27] (2024)ChinaSEER (2000-2019)11076YesYesOSClinicalRF, DLInternal, externalC-Index, AUC, Brier-score, CalibrationYes
Wu et al[25] (2024)ChinaSEER11414YesYesOSClinicalDL, RF
LR
Internal, externalC-Index, AUC, calibration, decision curve analysisYes
Li et al[26] (2022)ChinaNanfang Hospital (2004-2016)695YesYesOS, DFSClinicalSVMInternal, externalAUCNo
Aznar-Gimeno et al[32] (2024)Spain16 general hospitals (2023-2012)1246YesYesOSClinical, molecularRF, XGboost, DL, SVMExternalIndex, Brier-scoreYes
Jiang et al[34] (2022)ChinaNanfang Hospital (2005-2012)510NoNoDFSClinical CTDLInternal, externalC-index, AUC, Brier-score, CalibrationYes
Li et al[28] (2024)ChinaTCGA325YesYesOSClinical, molecularMultiple machine learningExternalC-index, AUC, CalibrationYes
Liao et al[33] (2024)ChinaSEER (2000–2019)775YesYesCSSClinicalMultiple machine learningInternalAUC, CalibrationYes
Wei et al[23] (2022)ChinaTCGA357YesYesOSClinical, molecular, imageMultiDeepCox-SCExternalC-index, AUCYes
Afrash et al[31] (2023)IranAyatollah Talleghani Hospital (2010-2017)974YesYesOSClinicalXGBoost, HGB, SVMInternalAccuracy, specificity, sensitivity, AUC, F1-scoreYes
Zeng et al[27] (2023)ChinaSEER (2000-2019)14177YesYesOSClinicalRF, DLInternalC-index, AUC, Brier-score, Calibration, IBSYes