Applications of cryotherapy in premalignant and malignant esophageal disease: Preventing, treating, palliating disease and enhancing immunogenicity?

doi:10.4251/wjgo.v17.i5.103746

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology

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1948-5204

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World J Gastrointest Oncol. May 15, 2025; 17(5): 103746
Published online May 15, 2025. doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v17.i5.103746

Table 2 Studies on liquid nitrogen spray cryotherapy for palliation of dysphagia in patients with advanced esophageal cancer

Ref.	Study design	Histopathology, n	Concurrent chemotherapy, n	Number of treatments per patient¹	Tumor sites treated¹	Cycles per tumor site¹	Freeze time, seconds/cycle	Dysphagia on a 5-point Likert score²	FU, months¹	Survival, n (months)	Procedure-related adverse events, n	Other palliation needed, n
Kachaamy et al[83], 2018	Retrospective, multicenter	EAC: 47; SCC: 2	33	2 (1-6)	2.5 (1.0-11.0)	3 (1-4)	20 (20-30)	Pre: 2.6; post week 2: 1.7	6.2 (0-27.0)	20	Pain: 5; perforation: 1; stricture: 1; bradycardia: 1	Dilatation: 3; stent: 2
Shah et al[85], 2019	Prospective, multicenter	EAC: 15; SCC: 6	0	1	2 (1-3)	4 (3-8)	30 (20-40)	Pre: 1.8; post week 1: 0.8; post week 2: 1.3	1	19	Pain: 1; obstruction due to tumor slough: 1	Feeding tube: 2; stent: 1
Eluri et al[126], 2021	Prospective, multicenter	EAC: 45; SCC: 4	0	4 (2-7)³	NR	3	30	Pre: 1.7; post: NR	11 ± 7⁴	24 (12)	19⁵	Stent: 14; feeding tube: 4
Hanada et al[84], 2022	Retrospective, single center	EAC: 41; SCC: 15	0	4 (1-12)	NR	2-5	20	NR	25.6 ± 29.0⁴	NR	Dilatation: 16; bleeding: 2; perforation: 1	Stent: 13
Kachaamy et al[16], 2023	Prospective, multicenter	EAC: 51; SCC: 2; NET: 2	44	3 (1-5 or > 5)⁶	2 (1-10)	3 (1-4)	20 (20-30)	Pre: 1.9; post last FU: 1.3	15.3 (1.0-66.0)	8 (16)	Pain: 3; bradycardia: 1	Dilatation: 7; radiation: 3; stent: 2; botulin injection: 1

¹Reported as median with minimum and maximum value.

²5-point dysphagia Likert score, 0 = no dysphagia, 1 = dysphagia to solids, 2 = dysphagia to semi-solids, 3 = dysphagia to liquids, 4 = dysphagia to own saliva.

³Interquartile range instead of minimum and maximum value.

⁴Mean and standard deviation.

⁵The specific type of adverse event has not been reported.

⁶The exact maximum number of treatments has not been reported.

FU: Follow-up; EAC: Esophageal adenocarcinoma; SCC: Squamous cell carcinoma; NR: Not reported; NET: Neuroendocrine tumor.

Citation: Boer LS, Nierkens S, Weusten BLAM. Applications of cryotherapy in premalignant and malignant esophageal disease: Preventing, treating, palliating disease and enhancing immunogenicity? World J Gastrointest Oncol 2025; 17(5): 103746
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-5204/full/v17/i5/103746.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4251/wjgo.v17.i5.103746