Involvement of bile acids in cholangiocarcinoma progression via the Hippo-yes-associated protein signaling pathway

Figure 6 Differential effects of glycochenodeoxycholic acid and deoxycholic acid on cholangiocarcinoma progression through the Hippo-yes-associated protein signaling pathway. Glycochenodeoxycholic acid inhibits mammalian STE20-like protein kinase 1/Large tumor suppressor kinase 1 phosphorylation, activates yes-associated protein nuclear translocation, and promotes tumor growth and invasion, whereas deoxycholic acid enhances mammalian STE20-like protein kinase 1/Large tumor suppressor kinase 1 phosphorylation, retains yes-associated protein in the cytoplasm, and inhibits tumor progression and induces apoptosis. CCA: Cholangiocarcinoma; GDCA: Glycochenodeoxycholic acid; DCA: Deoxycholic acid; P: Phosphorylated; MST: Mammalian STE20-like protein kinase; LAT: Large tumor suppressor kinase; YAP: Yes-associated protein; TEAD: Transcriptional enhanced associate domain.