Involvement of bile acids in cholangiocarcinoma progression via the Hippo-yes-associated protein signaling pathway

Figure 4 Effects of glycochenodeoxycholic acid and deoxycholic acid on cell apoptosis. A: Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-nick end labelling detection of apoptosis levels of HuCCT1 cells in control, glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GDCA), deoxycholic acid (DCA), GDCA + YI, and DCA + YA groups; B: Western blot detection of expression levels of apoptotic proteins caspase-3, B cell lymphoma-2, and B cell lymphoma-2 associated X protein in HuCCT1 cells in control, GDCA, DCA, GDCA + YI, and DCA + YA groups. Statistical analysis was conducted using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test. Significance is indicated as: ^bP < 0.01 vs control; ^dP < 0.01 vs GDCA; ^fP < 0.01 vs DCA. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3 independent experiments). DAPI: 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; TUNEL: Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-nick end labelling; GDCA: Glycochenodeoxycholic acid; DCA: Deoxycholic acid; Bcl-2: B cell lymphoma-2; Bax: B cell lymphoma-2 associated X protein.