Revolutionizing gastrointestinal cancer research with artificial intelligence: From precision patient stratification to real-world evidence

Figure 1 Milestones in artificial intelligence-driven clinical research for gastrointestinal cancers (2017-2025). This timeline highlights major milestones in applying artificial intelligence (AI) to gastrointestinal cancer research and care from 2017 to 2025. Early efforts centered on predictive modeling using pathology and genomics. From 2020, AI tools entered clinical practice, including AI-assisted endoscopy and federated data integration. Recent advances (2023-2025) feature multimodal learning, guideline-informed language models, and early screening technologies, marking progress toward clinical adoption and regulatory readiness. AI: Artificial intelligence; GI: Gastrointestinal; LLM: Large language model.