Sleep disorders in hepatocellular carcinoma

Table 2 Comparison of common sleep disorders medications

Ref.	Category	Advantages	Limitations	Target population
[102,103]	Non-benzodiazepines	Rapid onset, lower risk of dependence, minimal next-day residual effects	No anxiolytic efficacy; sleepwalking risk	Short-term insomnia, elderly patients
[99-101]	Benzodiazepines	Potent anxiolytic effects; well-established efficacy	High dependence risk; cognitive impairment; fall risk	Anxiety-related insomnia (short-term use)
[106,107]	Melatonin receptor agonists	No dependence risk; favorable safety	Limited efficacy in primary insomnia	Circadian rhythm disorders; comorbid respiratory conditions
[104,105]	Antidepressants	Effective for mood-related insomnia	Diverse side effects (e.g., weight gain, hypotension)	Chronic insomnia with depression/anxiety
[108,109]	Orexin receptor antagonists	Novel mechanism; fewer adverse effects	Limited long-term efficacy data	Treatment-resistant insomnia; patients requiring prolonged therapy

Key characteristics of common insomnia medications are summarized, including: Non-benzodiazepines: Rapid onset with lower risk of dependence but limited anxiolytic effects. Benzodiazepines: Potent anxiolytic effects yet high dependence risk. Melatonin receptor agonists: No dependence risk yet limited efficacy in primary insomnia. Antidepressants: Preferred for comorbid mood disorders despite side effects. Orexin receptor antagonists: Novel mechanism and fewer adverse effects (long-term safety pending).