Ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer: Pathogenic insights and precision strategies for prevention and treatment

Table 4 Current available endoscopic procedures for colitis-associated colorectal cancer surveillance

Type of procedure	Type of biopsies	Strengths	Limitations
Standard with light endoscopy	Random biopsies	Increases dysplasia detection rate	Longer procedure times and cost
High-definition endoscopy	Targeted biopsies	Images of substantially higher resolution for dysplasia detection	Cost
Chromoendoscopy	Targeted biopsies	Best at highlighting irregularities in the architecture of the mucosa thanks to the contrasting dye	Specialized equipment and additional training required, longer procedure time
Narrow band imaging	NA	Greater contrast of the mucosal surface	Lower sensitivity in dysplasia detection
Fujinon intelligent color enhancement and I scan digital contrast	NA	Perception of subtle changes of the mucosal surface	Limited relevant data
Confocal laser endomicroscopy	NA	Real-time microscopy available in vivo during examination	Longer procedure time, extra equipment and training required
Full-spectrum endoscopy	NA	Better visualization of the mucosa thanks to increased visual field	Longer withdrawal and total procedure time

NA: Not available.