Computed tomography-based radiomics diagnostic approach for differential diagnosis between early- and late-stage pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Table 2 Computed tomography findings of patients with early-stage and late-stage pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Characteristic	Clinical stage classification		P value
	Early-stage PDAC (n = 31)	Late-stage PDAC (n = 40)
Tumor size (cm)	4.03 ± 1.25	3.05 ± 0.54	< 0.001
Tumor location			0.869
Head & neck	18 (58.1%)	24 (60.0%)
Body & tail	13 (41.9%)	16 (40.0%)
Tumor margin			0.722
Well-defined	4 (12.9%)	3 (7.5%)
Ill-defined	27 (87.1%)	37 (92.5%)
Calcification			1.0
Y	1 (3.2%)	1 (2.5%)
N	30 (96.8%)	39 (97.5%)
Cystic degeneration			0.757
Y	3 (9.7%)	6 (15.0%)
N	28 (90.3%)	34 (85.0%)
MPD			0.861
Y	20 (64.5)	25 (62.5%)
N	11 (35.5)	15 (37.5%)
Vascular invasion			0.302
Y	14 (45.2%)	23 (57.5%)
N	17 (54.8%)	17 (42.5%)
Lymph node metastasis			0.480
Y	16 (51.6%)	24 (60.0%)
N	15 (48.4%)	16 (40.0%)
Distal metastasis			< 0.001
Y	0 (0%)	24 (60%)
N	31 (100%)	16 (40%)

Categorical variables were presented as the number of cases (%) and were analyzed by using χ² or Fisher’s exact tests. MPD: Main pancreatic duct dilatation; PDAC: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.