Identification of breath volatile organic compounds to distinguish pancreatic adenocarcinoma, pancreatic cystic neoplasm, and patients without pancreatic lesions

Table 1 Comparison of baseline characteristics between pancreatic adenocarcinoma, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm, and the control group

Variables	PDAC, n = 54	IPMN, n = 42	Normal pancreas, n = 60	P value
Age, mean ± SD	64.8 ± 10.4	63.2 ± 10.3	60.0 ± 10.6	0.057
Male, n (%)	25 (46.3)	20 (47.6)	24 (40.0)	0.695
Smoking, n (%)	7 (13.0)	5 (11.9)	8 (13.6)	0.970
Alcohol consumption, n (%)	16 (29.6)	14 (33.3)	16 (26.7)	0.768
Participants’ comorbidity, n (%)
HBV	1 (1.9)	4 (9.5)	4 (6.8)	0.258
HCV	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	2 (3.3)	0.198
NAFLD	1 (1.9)	3 (7.1)	8 (13.3)	0.071
CAD	2 (3.7)	2 (4.8)	5 (9.3)	0.441
ESRD	0 (0.0)	1 (2.4)	0 (0.0)	0.255
DM	3 (5.6)	4 (9.5)	0 (0.0)	0.066
HT	2 (3.7)	3 (7.1)	0 (0.0)	0.127
Old CVA	2 (3.8)	3 (7.1)	0 (0.0)	0.128
Laboratory results, mean ± SD
Albumin in g/dL	3.7 ± 0.7	3.8 ± 1.1	4.2 ± 0.3	0.002
Total bilirubin in mg/dL	5.7 ± 9.7	1.8 ± 4.6	0.7 ± 0.3	0.009
Aspartate aminotransferase in U/L	73.4 ± 115.1	26.0 ± 18.0	23.0 ± 7.4	0.001
Alanine aminotransferase in U/L	86.9 ± 156.1	23.4 ± 11.9	25.9 ± 14.8	< 0.001
Alkaline phosphatase in U/L	279.8± 412.6	95.2 ± 91.3	73.5 ± 22.5	< 0.001
INR	1.2 ± 0.2	1.2 ± 0.6	1.0 ± 0.1	0.009
Amylase	120.8 ± 160.0	82.0 ± 52.2	74.1 ± 16.3	0.879

CAD: Coronary artery diseases; CVA: Cerebrovascular disease; DM: Diabetes mellitus; ESRD: End-stage renal disease; HBV: Chronic hepatitis B virus infection; HCV: Chronic hepatitis C virus infection; HT: Hypertension; INR: International normalized ratio; IPMN: Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm; NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; PDAC: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; SD: Standard deviation.