Prognostic value of circulating tumor cells combined with neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Circulating tumor cell (CTC) count and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) are both closely associated with the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

AIM

To investigate the prognostic value of combining these two indicators in HCC.

METHODS

Clinical data were collected from patients with advanced HCC who received immune therapy combined with targeted therapy at the Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, China, from 2021 to 2023. The optimal cutoff values for CTC programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) (+) > 1 or CTC PD-L1 (+) ≤ 1 and NLR > 3.89 or NLR ≤ 3.89 were evaluated using X-Tile software. Patients were categorized into three groups based on CTC PD-L1 (+) counts and NLR: CTC-NLR (0), CTC-NLR (1), and CTC-NLR (2). The relationship between CTC-NLR and clinical variables as well as survival rates was assessed.

RESULTS

Patients with high CTC PD-L1 (+) expression or NLR at baseline had shorter median progression-free survival (mPFS) and median overall survival (mOS) than those with low levels of CTC PD-L1 (+) or NLR (P < 0.001). Meanwhile, patients in the CTC-NLR (2) group showed a significant decrease in mPFS and mOS. Cox regression analysis revealed that alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), CTC PD-L1 (+), and CTC-NLR were independent predictors of OS. The time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curve showed that the area under the curve of CTC-NLR at 12 months (0.821) and 18 months (0.821) was superior to that of AFP and CTC PD-L1 (+).

CONCLUSION

HCC patients with high CTC PD-L1 (+) or NLR expression tend to exhibit poor prognosis, and a high baseline CTC-NLR score may indicate low survival. CTC-NLR may serve as an effective prognostic indicator for patients with advanced HCC receiving immunotherapy combined with targeted therapy.

Key Words: Circulating tumor cells, Neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Prognosis, Survival, Marker

Core Tip: This study evaluates whether the combination of programmed death-ligand 1 on circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio can serve as a biomarker for predicting the prognosis of immune combination targeted therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Our study suggests the combination of CTC and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) scores as a new index for predicting survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC patients may benefit from pre-treatment assessment of their CTC-NLR scores for risk classification and clinical decision-making.

INTRODUCTION

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide and a major public health concern. The incidence rate of HCC has been soaring annually[1]. HCC is projected to become the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths by 2030[2]. Several treatment options are available for HCC, including liver transplantation, surgical resection, percutaneous ablation, radiotherapy, and arterial and systemic therapies[3]. Clinical physicians need to comprehensively evaluate the patient’s condition and adjust individualized treatment plans. Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) monotherapy has provided significant clinical benefits to 15%-20% of patients since ICIs became available in clinical practice. ICIs have brought hope to many patients with malignant tumors. However, effective biomarkers for identifying this population are currently lacking[4,5]. Therefore, the identification of new predictive biomarkers to guide the selection of treatment plans is of great significance.

Currently, the diagnosis and treatment guidance for HCC patients primarily rely on imaging, tissue biopsy[6], and serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels[7,8]. However, tissue biopsy procedures are complicated, imaging tests lack diagnostic sensitivity, and AFP specificity is only about 80%[9,10], all of which cannot accurately reflect tumor heterogeneity and dynamically monitor tumor progression. Therefore, identifying a novel minimally invasive or non-invasive diagnostic strategy is urgent to monitor the therapeutic effects of HCC and predict prognosis.

In recent years, “liquid biopsy” technology has sparked strong interest from researchers[11,12]. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in liquid biopsies can provide information about abnormal protein expression, genomic mutations, and messenger RNA variations in solid tumors. They can also help understand the mechanisms underlying tumor occurrence, metastasis, and drug resistance from aspects such as cell morphology, migratory ability, and drug response[13,14]. Multiple studies have shown promising prospects of CTCs in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis guidance of various malignant tumors[15-18]. It has been demonstrated that programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression is an essential biomarker for treatment decision-making in the era of immunotherapy. CTC PD-L1 expression can serve as an effective biomarker for clinical immunotherapy in various malignant tumors[19-21]. Meanwhile, several studies have shown that neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a potential marker of tumor prognosis in certain malignant tumors[22-24]. In peripheral blood, CTCs can interact with inflammatory cells to induce systemic inflammation, promote metastasis, and worsen prognosis[25,26]. Considering NLR based on CTCs can improve risk stratification and optimize management in cancer patients[27]. It has been demonstrated that combining CTC with NLR can significantly improve the prognosis prediction of malignant gastrointestinal tumor patients[28]. Therefore, the present study explored the prognostic value of CTC PD-L1 (+) in combination with NLR in HCC patients receiving immunotherapy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patients

Clinical data were collected from patients with advanced HCC who received immunotherapy in combination with targeted therapy at the Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China, from 2021 to 2023. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) Pathologically diagnosed with HCC; (2) no previous anti-tumor treatment before admission; (3) Child-Pugh class A/B; (4) barcelona clinic liver cancer (BCLC) stage B/C; (5) received immunotherapy in combination with targeted therapy after admission. The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) Patients with concomitant secondary primary malignancy; (2) intolerance to immune or targeted drugs during the tumor treatment process.

This study complied with the guidelines of the Helsinki Declaration. The research protocol was approved by the Clinical Trial Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University (approval number: KY2021063) and registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (registration number: ChiCTR2100044198). All patients signed a written informed consent form before enrollment.

Detection of CTC PD-L1 (+)

Before treatment, 4 mL of peripheral blood was collected from each HCC patient using an anticoagulant tube and processed within 6 h. PD-L1 (+) CTCs were captured using the CytoSorter^® circulating tumor cell sorter (Watson Biotech) and CytoNanoChip by combining antiepithelial cell adhesion molecule (Anti-EpCMA) Ab and anti-cell-surface vimentin (Anti-CSV) Ab with the CytoNanoChip and counted under a fluorescence microscope.

Follow-up monitoring

All patients underwent comprehensive baseline examinations, including imaging and laboratory tests, before treatment. Progression-free survival (PFS) was defined as the time from the start of treatment to disease progression or death, while overall survival (OS) was defined as the time from the start of treatment to death or last follow-up.

Statistical analysis

SPSS 26.0 (IBM, Chicago, IL, United States) and R version 4.2.2 were utilized for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze patient baseline characteristics. X-Tile statistical package (version 3.6.1, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States) was employed to calculate optimal cutoff points for CTC PD-L1 (+) and NLR, and the significance of between-group differences was evaluated using the chi-square test. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were compared using the log-rank test (Mantel-Cox). Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were applied to investigate the association between patient baseline characteristics and OS. The area under the curve (AUC) was obtained by plotting the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. A P value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

Patient characteristics

A total of 124 patients with advanced HCC were recruited. The baseline characteristics of enrolled patients are shown in Table 1. The majority of the patients were males (90.3%), with a median age of 55 years (range 27-78 years). Seventy patients (56.5%) had hepatitis B virus (+), 46 (37.1%) had cirrhosis, 49 (39.5%) had serum AFP levels ≥ 400 ng/mL, 86 (69.4%) had multiple tumors, and 115 (92.7%) were in BCLC stage C.

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the hepatocellular carcinoma patients in the study.

Variable	n	%
Patients	124	100.0
Sex
Male	112	90.3
Female	12	9.7
Age (years)
< 60	73	58.9
≥ 60	51	41.1
HBV
Negative	54	43.5
Positive	70	56.5
Smoke
Negative	62	50.0
Positive	62	50.0
Alcohol
Negative	71	57.3
Positive	53	42.7
Hypertension
Negative	94	75.8
Positive	30	24.2
Diabetes mellitus
Negative	107	86.3
Positive	17	13.7
Liver cirrhosis
Negative	78	62.9
Positive	46	37.1
Child-Pugh class
A	65	52.4
B	59	47.6
BCLC stage
B	9	7.3
C	115	92.7
ALBI grade
1	64	51.6
2	55	44.4
3	5	4.0
Serum AFP, ng/mL
< 400	75	60.5
≥ 400	49	39.5
Number of tumors
< 2	38	30.6
≥ 2	86	69.4
Tumor diameter, cm
< 5	49	39.5
≥ 5	75	60.5
PVTT
Negative	69	55.6
Positive	55	44.4
Lymph node metastasis
Negative	43	34.7
Positive	81	65.3
Extrahepatic metastases
Negative	85	68.5
Positive	39	31.5

HBV: Hepatitis B virus; BCLC: Barcelona clinic liver cancer; ALBI: Albumin-bilirubin; AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein; PVTT: Portal vein tumor thrombus; NLR: Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio; CTC: Circulating tumor cell.

Correlation between CTC PD-L1 (+) and clinical variables and survival

According to X-Tile software, the optimal cutoff value for CTC PD-L1 (+) was 1, and patients were divided into two categories based on this threshold. Among them, 68 patients (54.8%) had CTC PD-L1 (+) ≤ 1, while 56 patients (45.2%) had CTC PD-L1 (+) > 1. The relationship between CTC PD-L1 (+) and clinical variables is shown in Table 2. The results revealed that CTC PD-L1 (+) was associated with liver cirrhosis but not with other clinical variables.

Table 2 The correlation between circulating tumor cell PD-L1 (+) and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio with clinical variables.

Variable	CTC PD-L1 (+) ≤ 1, n = 68	CTC PD-L1 (+) > 1, n = 56	P value	NLR ≤ 3.89, n = 67	NLR > 3.89, n = 57	P value
Sex			0.798			0.768
Male	61	51		61	51
Female	7	5		6	6
Age (yr)			0.705			0.569
< 60	39	34		41	32
≥ 60	29	22		26	25
HBV			0.218			0.765
Negative	33	21		30	24
Positive	35	35		37	33
Smoke			0.470			0.207
Negative	36	26		37	25
Positive	32	30		30	32
Alcohol			0.264			0.337
Negative	42	29		41	30
Positive	26	27		26	27
Hypertension			0.849			0.739
Negative	52	42		50	44
Positive	16	14		17	13
Diabetes mellitus			0.866			0.535
Negative	59	48		59	48
Positive	9	8		8	9
Liver cirrhosis			0.020			0.011
Negative	49	29		49	29
Positive	19	27		18	28
Child-Pugh class			0.898			0.751
A	36	29		36	29
B	32	27		31	28
BCLC stage			0.459			0.430
B	6	3		6	3
C	62	53		61	54
ALBI grade			0.214			0.612
1	38	26		37	27
2	29	26		28	27
3	1	4		2	3
Serum AFP, ng/mL			0.153			0.017
< 400	45	30		47	28
≥ 400	23	26		20	29
Number of tumors			0.472			0.549
< 2	19	19		19	19
≥ 2	49	37		48	38
Tumor diameter, cm			0.490			0.847
< 5	25	24		27	22
≥ 5	43	32		40	35
PVTT			0.432			0.038
Negative	40	29		43	26
Positive	28	27		24	31
Lymph node metastasis			0.359			0.929
Negative	26	17		23	20
Positive	42	39		44	37
Extrahepatic metastases			0.590			0.454
Negative	48	37		44	41
Positive	20	19		23	16

HBV: Hepatitis B virus; BCLC: Barcelona clinic liver cancer; ALBI: Albumin-bilirubin; AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein; PVTT: Portal vein tumor thrombus; NLR: Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio; CTC: Circulating tumor cell.

Furthermore, the predictive significance of CTC PD-L1 (+) was examined between the two patient cohorts. It was found that patients with CTC PD-L1 (+) ≤ 1 had a longer median OS (mOS) [not reached (NR) vs 6.0 months, hazard ratio (HR) = 6.67, 95% confidence interval (95%CI): 3.60-12.37, P < 0.001, Figure 1A) and median PFS (mPFS, 7.8 months vs 3.2 months, HR = 3.59, 95%CI: 2.27-5.69, P < 0.001, Figure 1B) compared with those with CTC PD-L1 (+) > 1. Meanwhile, Kaplan-Meier curve analysis revealed that the 2-year OS rates for patients with high and low expression of CTC PD-L1 (+) were 22.6% and 69.0%, respectively.

Figure 1 Survival rate comparison. A and B: Kaplan-Meier overall survival (OS) curves (A) and progression-free survival (PFS) curves (B) in different subgroups of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with circulating tumor cell programmed death-ligand 1 (+); C and D:Kaplan-Meier OS curves (A) and PFS curves (B) in different subgroups of HCC patients with neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; E and F: OS curves (A) as well as PFS curves (B) for different subgroups of HCC patients with circulating tumor cell-neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. HR: Hazard ratio; CTC: Circulating tumor cell; PD-L1: Programmed death-ligand 1; NLR: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio.

Relationship between NLR and clinical parameters and survival

Based on the X-Tile software, the ideal cutoff value for NLR was 3.89. Patients were then classified into two groups based on this cutoff value, of which 67 (54.0%) patients had an NLR ≤ 3.89 and 57 (46.0%) patients had an NLR > 3.89. The relationship between NLR and clinical variables is displayed in Table 2. The results showed that NLR was significantly positively/negatively associated with cirrhosis, AFP, and PVTT but not with other clinical factors.

Additionally, the prognostic value of NLR was analyzed between the two groups and results revealed that patients with NLR ≤ 3.89 had longer mOS (NR vs 7.3 months, HR = 0.26, 95%CI: 0.14-0.47, P < 0.001, Figure 1C) and mPFS (7.8 months vs 3.3 months, HR = 0.31, 95%CI: 0.20-0.48, P <0.001, Figure 1D) compared with their counterparts. Moreover, Kaplan-Meier curve analysis showed that the 2-year OS rates of patients in the low and high NLR expression groups were 64.8% and 32.5%, respectively.

Relationship between CTC-NLR and survival

Based on the critical values of CTC PD-L1 (+) and NLR, the CTC-NLR score was calculated as follows: A score of 0 for CTC PD-L1 (+) ≤ 1 and NLR ≤ 3.89; a score of 1 for patients with CTC PD-L1 (+) > 1 or NLR > 3.89; and a score of 2 for CTC PD-L1 (+) > 1 and NLR > 3.89.

The NLR-CTC score was used to stratify patients for OS prediction. A total of 54 (43.5%) patients were categorized as CTC-NLR (0), 27 (21.8%) as CTC-NLR (1), and 43 (34.7%) as CTC-NLR (2) (Table 3). The results showed that CTC-NLR scores at baseline were associated with sex, alcohol consumption, and cirrhosis, independent of other clinical variables. Kaplan-Meier curve analysis showed that patients in the CTC-NLR (0) group performed well in terms of OS and PFS (P < 0.001), while those in the CTC-NLR (2) group performed worse (Figure 1D and E).

Table 3 The correlation between circulating tumor cell-neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio score and clinical baseline characteristics in hepatocellular carcinoma patients.

Variable	CTC-NLR			P value
	Score 0, n = 54	Score 1, n=27	Score 2, n = 43
Sex				0.005
Male	51	20	41
Female	3	7	2
Age (yr)				0.993
< 60	32	16	25
≥ 60	22	11	18
HBV				0.577
Negative	25	13	16
Positive	29	14	27
Smoke				0.152
Negative	28	17	17
Positive	26	10	26
Alcohol				0.022
Negative	31	21	19
Positive	23	6	24
Hypertension				0.451
Negative	42	18	34
Positive	12	9	9
Diabetes mellitus				0.811
Negative	47	24	36
Positive	7	3	7
Liver cirrhosis				0.007
Negative	39	20	19
Positive	15	7	24
Child–Pugh class				0.693
A	28	16	21
B	26	11	22
BCLC stage				0.685
B	5	2	2
C	49	25	41
ALBI grade				0.630
1	30	15	19
2	23	11	21
3	1	1	3
Serum AFP, ng/mL				0.097
< 400	38	16	21
≥ 400	16	11	22
Number of tumors				0.407
< 2	16	6	16
≥ 2	38	21	27
Tumor diameter, cm				0.915
< 5	21	10	18
≥ 5	33	17	25
PVTT				0.269
Negative	34	15	20
Positive	20	12	23
Lymph node metastasis				0.215
Negative	18	13	12
Positive	36	14	31
Extrahepatic metastases				0.493
Negative	38	16	31
Positive	16	11	12

HBV: Hepatitis B virus; BCLC: Barcelona clinic liver cancer; ALBI: Albumin-bilirubin; AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein; PVTT: Portal vein tumor thrombus; NLR: Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio; CTC: Circulating tumor cell.

Prognostic factors for OS

Univariate Cox regression analysis revealed that cirrhosis, albumin bilirubin grade, AFP, CTC PD-L1 (+), NLR, and CTC-NLR were prognostic factors for OS (Table 4). These variables were then integrated into the multivariate Cox regression analysis. Because CTC PD-L1 (+), NLR, and CTC-NLR were highly correlated in this study, two independent multivariate models were constructed to eliminate multicollinearity between the three variables. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that CTC PD-L1 (+), CTC-NLR, and AFP were independent prognostic factors for OS (Table 5).

Table 4 Univariate Cox regression analysis based on overall survival.

Variable	HR	Univariate Cox regression, 95%CI	P value
Male sex	0.784	0.282-2.182	0.641
Age ≥ 60 yr	0.967	0.553-1.692	0.907
HBV (positive)	1.091	0.621-1.917	0.763
Smoke (positive)	1.341	0.767-2.342	0.303
Alcohol (positive)	1.373	0.785-2.402	0.267
Hypertension (positive)	0.711	0.364-1.388	0.317
Diabetes mellitus (positive)	0.526	0.189-1.461	0.218
Liver cirrhosis (positive)	2.283	1.305-3.996	0.004
Child-Pugh class (A-B)	1.619	0.919-2.853	0.095
BCLC stage (B-C)	2.063	0.501-8.499	0.316
ALBI grade			0.026
1
2	1.589	0.889-2.842	0.118
3	4.111	1.394-12.126	0.010
AFP ≥ 400 ng/mL	2.697	1.535-4.740	0.001
Number of tumors ≥ 2	1.243	0.670-2.307	0.490
Tumor diameter ≥ 5 cm	1.016	0.576-1.793	0.957
PVTT (positive)	1.737	0.992-3.042	0.053
Lymph node metastasis (positive)	1.695	0.911-3.154	0.095
Extrahepatic metastases (positive)	1.202	0.669-2.159	0.539
CTC PD-L1 (+) > 1	6.657	3.590-12.345	< 0.001
NLR > 3.89	3.841	2.136-6.908	< 0.001
CTC-NLR			< 0.001
0
1	2.748	1.229-6.145	0.014
2	9.720	4.679-20.192	0.000

HBV: Hepatitis B virus; BCLC: Barcelona clinic liver cancer; ALBI: Albumin-bilirubin; AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein; PVTT: Portal vein tumor thrombus; NLR: Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio; CTC: Circulating tumor cell; HR: Hazard ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval.

Table 5 Multivariate Cox regression analysis based on overall survival.

Variable	HR	Overall survival, 95%CI	P value
Model 1
NLR > 3.89	1.603	0.789-3.257	0.192
CTC PD-L1 (+) > 1	5.381	2.581-11.215	< 0.001
Liver cirrhosis (positive)	1.251	0.693-2.258	0.457
ALBI grade			0.347
1
2	1.149	0.631-2.095	0.649
3	2.352	0.743-7.442	0.146
AFP ≥ 400ng/mL	2.410	1.323-4.390	0.004
Model 2
CTC-NLR			< 0.001
0
1	2.684	1.187-6.070	0.018
2	8.470	3.957-18.129	0.000
Liver cirrhosis (positive)	1.261	0.697-2.282	0.442
ALBI grade			0.218
1
2	1.191	0.653-2.171	0.569
3	2.739	0.884-8.489	0.081
AFP ≥ 400ng/mL	2.096	1.180-3.723	0.012

NLR: Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio; CTC: Circulating tumor cell; ALBI: Albumin–bilirubin; AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein; HR: Hazard ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval.

Comparison of the predictive value of independent prognostic factors

The prognostic efficacy of AFP, CTC PD-L1 (+), and CTC-NLR was compared at 6-, 12-, and 18-month OS using time-dependent ROC curves. The results revealed that the prognostic efficacy of CTC-NLR (0.821) was significantly better than that of CTC PD-L1 (+) (0.789) and AFP (0.687) at 12-month OS (Figure 2). The prognostic efficacy of CTC-NLR (0.821) was also remarkably better than that of CTC PD-L1 (+) (0.794) and AFP (0.676) at 18-month OS (Figure 2).

Figure 2 Comparison of the area under the time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curve for overall survival prediction. A-C: Comparison of predictive efficacy of circulating tumor cell (CTC)-neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (A), CTC programmed death-ligand 1 (+) (B), and alpha-fetoprotein (C) indicators at 6, 12, and 18 months in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. CTC: Circulating tumor cell; PD-L1: Programmed death-ligand 1; NLR: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein; AUC: Area under the curve.

DISCUSSION

As the first line of defense of the organism, neutrophils play an important role in natural immunity. With technological advances in recent years, the complexity and heterogeneity of neutrophils in physiological and pathological states have received extensive attention. Numerous clinical studies have shown that neutrophils can promote tumorigenesis and progression in multiple ways, which significantly correlate with the patient’s prognosis. Cancer immunosurveillance relies heavily on lymphocytes, which can kill tumor cells[29,30]. NLR responds to a balanced relationship between tumor-validated states and anti-tumor immune responses[31]. Extensive studies have described NLR as a general prognostic factor for several cancer types[32-35]. The current study found that a high NLR was associated with poorer PFS and OS but was not an independent factor affecting the prognosis, which may be due to the insufficiently long follow-up time and large sample size in our study.

CTC is considered a source of tumor metastasis and recurrence[36]. The prognostic value of CTC has been demonstrated in breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer cancers, as well as small cell and non-small cell lung cancers[37-41]. Meanwhile, some studies have shown that CTC is an independent risk factor for HCC, which is significantly correlated with the prognosis of patients[42-44], and the CTC PD-L1 expression assay has a broad application prospect for dynamic monitoring of disease changes and evaluation of treatment response during immunotherapy[45-47]. These conclusions are consistent with our findings, in which high CTC expression of PD-L1 (+) at baseline was associated with poor prognosis in patients with HCC.

A combination of inflammatory index and CTC has been previously used to predict the outcome of malignant tumors[48,49]. Considering that NLR is strongly associated with tumor progression and CTC can predict prognosis, we combine NLR with CTC to predict the outcome of HCC. We evaluated the combined metric CTC-NLR and categorized patients into three groups based on their scores and discovered that patients with lower CTC-NLR scores had a survival benefit from the treatment. It was finally established that the three metrics, CTC-NLR, CTC PD-L1 (+), and AFP, were independent prognostic indicators for OS in patients with HCC. Meanwhile, CTC-NLR exhibited the highest time-dependent AUC at 12 and 18 months (i.e., 0.821 for both). These findings demonstrated that a combination of CTC and NLR has a better prognostic value for HCC patients than CTC PD-L1 (+) or AFP alone. These data provide new avenues for risk stratification management of HCC.

Nonetheless, this study has several limitations. Firstly, this is a single center-based study. Secondly, because of the small sample size, we were unable to divide patients into training and validation cohorts. Finally, there was a relatively short follow-up period. Therefore, large-scale multicenter studies are warranted to validate and replicate our results.

CONCLUSION

In summary, the current study suggests the combination of CTC and NLR scores as a new index for predicting survival in patients with HCC. HCC patients may benefit from pre-treatment assessment of their CTC-NLR scores for risk classification and clinical decision-making.

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS

Research background

Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have a low benefit rate from immunotherapy. Clinical treatment lacks highly specific and sensitive prognostic biomarkers.

Research motivation

Investigation on whether the ratio of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) on circulating tumor cells (CTCs) combined with neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) can serve as a biomarker for predicting the prognosis of immune combined targeted therapy in HCC.

Research objectives

Search for novel combined predictive biomarkers and apply them for risk stratification and clinical decision-making.

Research methods

This study adopts a method that combines clinical trials with data analysis.

Research results

HCC patients with high CTC PD-L1 (+) or NLR expression tend to exhibit poor prognosis, and a high baseline CTC-NLR score may indicate low survival.

Research conclusions

CTC-NLR may serve as an effective prognostic indicator for patients with advanced HCC receiving immunotherapy combined with targeted therapy.

Research perspectives

Future large-sample, multi-center studies are needed to further validate.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks to Hangzhou Watson Biotech, Inc. (Hangzhou, China) for technical assistance. As well, we would like to thank the patients and their families for their contribution to the study.