Deoxyribonucleic acid methylation driven aberrations in pancreatic cancer-related pathways

Table 1 Targeting various characteristics of pancreatic carcinomas and their associated therapeutic strategies

Potent therapeutics	Cancer Hallmarks
TGF-β pathway inhibitors HGF; Met pathway inhibitors	Activating invasion/metastasis
JAK/STAT pathway inhibitors; BTK inhibitors; Src inhibitors; COX-2 inhibitors	Tumour-promoting inflammation
NRF2 pathway inhibitors; HIF-1 pathway inhibitors; PKCδ-PKD1 inhibitors; Amino acid transporter inhibitors; α-Glucosidase inhibitors	Deregulating cellular metabolism
EGF pathway inhibitors; Ras/Raf/ MEK/ERK pathway inhibitors; PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibitors; Wnt pathway inhibitors; PDGF pathway inhibitors; SCF/c-Kit pathway inhibitors; ALK pathway inhibitors; Hedgehog pathway inhibitors	Sustaining proliferative signalling
IGF pathway inhibitors; NF-κB pathway inhibitors	Resisting apoptosis
VEGF pathway inhibitors	Inducing angiogenesis
Shh pathway inhibitors; FAK inhibitors; Src inhibitors; EGFR inhibitors	Expansive desmoplasia
Aurora kinase inhibitors; Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors	Eluding growth suppressors
PD-L1 inhibitors; CTLA-4 inhibitors	Avoiding immune destruction
PARP inhibitors Photodynamic agents; Bromodomain inhibitors; HDAC inhibitors	Genome instability and damage

EGF: Epidermal growth factor; Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK: Rat sarcoma virus/Rapidly Accelerated Fibrosarcoma/Mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular-signal-regulated kinase; PI3K/AKT/mTOR: Phosphoinositide 3-kinases/Ak strain transforming/Mammalian target of rapamycin; Wnt: Wingless-related integration site; PDGF: Platelet-derived growth factor; SCF/c-Kit: Stem cell factor/receptor tyrosine kinase; ALK: Anaplastic lymphoma kinase; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor beta; HGF: Hepatocyte growth factor; JAK/STAT: Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription; BTK: Bruton tyrosine kinase; Src: Tyrosine-protein kinase (sarcoma); COX-2: Cyclooxygenase 2; NRF2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2; HIF-1: Hypoxia-inducible factor-1; PKCδ-PKD1: Protein Kinase Cδ-Polycystin 1, Transient Receptor Potential Channel Interacting; IGF: Insulin like growth factor; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor.