“Cold” colorectal cancer faces a bottleneck in immunotherapy

Table 1 Clinical trials for immune checkpoint inhibitors in colorectal cancer patients

Name	Targets	Phase	Settings	Trial identifier
Nivolumab and ipilimumab	PD-1 and CTLA4	II	dMMR and/or MSI mCRC	NCT04730544
Camrelizumab and apatinib	PD-L1 and VEGF	II	Locally advanced dMMR/MSI-H CRC	NCT04715633
Toripalimab with or without celecoxib	PD-1 and COX	I and II	Resectable non-metastatic dMMR/MSI-H CRC	NCT03926338
Cetuximab-avelumab	PD-1 and EGFR	II	mCRC	NCT04561336
Nivolumab + relatlimab	PD-1 and LAG3	II	MSS colorectal adenocarcinomas	NCT03642067
Obinutuzumab + atezolizumab + cibisatamab + tocilizumab	CD20, PD-L1, CEA + CD3 and IL-6R	Ib	MSS mCRC	NCT03866239

CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; COX: Cyclooxygenase; CTLA4: Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4; dMMR: Deficient DNA mismatch repair; EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor; IL-6R: Interleukin 6 receptor; LAG3: Lymphocyte activation gene 3; PD-1: Programmed cell death protein 1; PD-L1: Programmed cell death-ligand 1; mCRC: Metastatic colorectal cancer; MSI: Microsatellite instability; MSS: Microsatellite stability; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor.