Glutamine addiction and therapeutic strategies in pancreatic cancer

Figure 2 Glutamine metabolic reprogramming. Glutamine is a key nutrient in tumourgenesis and Glutamine metabolic reprogramming in pancreatic cancer help enhance metabolic use of glutamine in cancer cells. Pancreatic cancer cells affect glutamate metabolism through Myc, Kras mutations, regulated in DNA damage and development 1, p53, Protein arginine methyltransferase 4, Ras transform, β-catenin/TCF 7 complex. REDD1: Regulated in DNA damage and development 1; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; GLS: Glutaminase; mTOR: the mammalian target of rapamycin; MDH1: Malate dehydrogenase 1; GSH: Glutathione.