Systems-level biomarkers identification and drug repositioning in colorectal cancer

Table 2 Prognostic markers found in colorectal cancer

Prognostic biomarker	Molecular level	Sample	Expression	Ref.
Carcinoembryonic antigen	Protein	Plasma	↑	Li et al[79], 2018
Major histocompatibility complex, class I, B (HLAB)	Protein	Fresh Frozen Tissue	↑	Kirana et al[80], 2019
14-3-3b protein (YWHAB)
A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 2
Leukotriene B3
Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinase 2
Jagged Canonical Notch Ligand 2
Collagen type XII (FACIT)	Protein	Colorectal liver metastasis tissue	↑	van Huizen et al[81], 2019
Heat shock protein 47	Protein	Fresh Frozen Tissue	↑	Mori et al[82], 2017
Ezrin protein	Protein	Cells and tissue	↑	Patara et al[85], 2011
Collagen VI (COL6)	Protein	Fresh Frozen Tissue	↑	Clarke et al[86], 2017
Forkhead box O3
RAD51 (DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 1)
Lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase
Inositol polyphosphate-4-phosphatase
Phospho-PEA15 (Ser116)
Phosho-S6 (Ser240-244)
Phospho-PRAS40 (Thr-246)
Mammary serine protease inhibitor	Protein	Fresh Frozen Tissue	↑	Snoeren et al[87], 2013
Alpha-fetoprotein	Protein	Serum	-	Zhu et al[88], 2013
Complement C4-A (C4A)
Fibrinogen alpha
Eukaryotic peptide chain release factor GTP-binding subunit ERF3B (GSPT2)
Angiotensinogen
Hippurate, Butyrate	Amino acid	Urine	↑	Liesenfeld et al[89], 2015
Glycerol, Galactarate
Urea, Carnitine	Amino acid	Urine	↓	Liesenfeld et al[89], 2015
AFAP1 Antisense RNA 1	lncRNA	Datasets	↑	Li et al[72], 2016
Breast Cancer Anti-Estrogen Resistance 4
H19
HOXA Cluster Antisense RNA 2
Metastasis Associated
Lung Adenocarcinoma Transcript 1 (MALAT1)
Plasmacytoma Variant Translocation 1
ADAMTS9 Antisense RNA 2	lncRNA	Datasets	↓	Li et al[72], 2016
miR-429	microRNA	Fresh Frozen Tissue	↓	Li et al[73], 2013
hsa-mir-191, hsa-mir-200b	microRNA	Datasets	-	Kandimalla et al[75], 2018
hsa-mir-30b, hsa-mir-30c2
hsa-mir-33a, hsamir-362
hsa-mir 429, and hsa-mir-744
VNN1-AB	Transcript	Datasets	-	Løvf et al[76], 2014
Kirsten rat sarcoma oncogene 2 (KRAS)	Gene	Datasets	-	Kadowaki et al[67], 2015
Murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF)
Tumor protein 53	Gene	Datasets	-	Ting et al[59], 2013
SMAD Family Member 4	Gene	Datasets	-	Mei et al[65], 2018
Neurofibromatosis type 1