Systems-level biomarkers identification and drug repositioning in colorectal cancer

Table 1 Diagnostic biomarkers found in colorectal cancer

Diagnostic biomarker	Molecular level	Sample	Expression	Ref.
Actin Beta-Like 2	Protein	Fresh frozen tissue	↑	Ghazanfar et al[30], 2017
Dipeptidase 1	Protein	Fresh frozen tissue	↑	Hao et al[31], 2017
Olfamectomedin-4	Protein	FFPE tissue	↑	Quesada-Calvo et al[32], 2017
Kininogen-1
Transport Protein Sec-24
Cyclophilin A	Protein	FFPE tissue	↑	Yamamoto et al[33], 2016
Annexin A2
Aldolase A
Leucine-Rich Alpha-2 Glycoprotein 1	Protein	Serum	↑	Ivancic et al[36], 2020
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor
Hemopexin
Superoxide Dismutase 3
Inter-Alpha-Trypsin Inhibitor Heavy-Chain Family Member 4
Mannan Binding Lectin Serine Protease 1	Protein	Plasma	-	Bhardwaj et al[37], 2019
Osteopontin
Serum Paraoxonase Lactonase 3
Transferrin Receptor Protein 1
Amphiregulin
Adipophilin	Protein	Plasma	-	Matsubara et al[41], 2011
Caldesmon 1	Protein	Fresh Frozen Tissue	-	Ilyas et al[34], 2020
Catenin Beta 1
C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 14
Protein patched homolog 1
Interleukin-8, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induced protein 3, Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase
Mitogen-activated protein kinase
Adenomatous polyposis coli
Zinc finger protein
Serine/Threonine Kinase 4	Protein	Serum	↓	Yu et al[38], 2017
Macrophage mannose receptor 1	Protein		↑	Fan et al[39], 2016
S100 calcium binding protein
Alpha-1-antitrypsin	Protein	Serum	↑	Peltier et al[40], 2016
Alpha-1-antichymotrypsin
Anti- Thombin 3	Protein	Serum	↓	Peltier et al[40], 2016
3- Hydroxybutyric Acid		Serum	↑	Ma et al[43], 2012
Microtubule Actin Crosslinking Factor 1	Protein	Serum	↑	Ma et al[43], 2012
L-Valine	Amino acid	Serum	↓	Ma et al[43], 2012
L-Threonine
1-Deoxyglucose
Glycine
Apolipoprotein H	Protein	Serum	↓	Ma et al[43], 2012
Alpha-2-Macroglobulin
Immunoglobulin Lambda Locus
Vitamin-D-binding protein
Acetoacetate, Guanidinoacetate	Amino acid	Urine	↑/High	Wang et al[48], 2017
Cis-aconitate, Trans-aconitate, Glutamine
Homocysteine
Creatinine, Phosphorylcholine	Amino acid	Urine	↓/Low	Wang et al[48], 2017
Dimethyl sulfone, Asparagine, Alanine
Isocitrate, Hippurate, Methylamine
Cysteine, Phenylalanine
Isoleucine, β-Hydroxybutyrate, lactate, acetate, glutamate, choline, glycine, serine, glucose	Amino acid	Biopsy	High	Nishiumi et al[46], 2012
Taurine, alanine, β –Aminoisobutyrate, valine	Amino acid	Urine	High	Kim et al[47], 2019
Threonine, glycerol, hippurate, ascorbate, creatinine and citrate	Amino acid	Urine	Less	Kim et al[47], 2019
Proline, succinate, isoleucine, leucine valine, alanine, glutamate, dimethylglycine and lactate	Amino acid	Fecal	High	Lin et al[44], 2019
Short Chain Fatty Acids, (acetate, propionate and butyrate), glucose, glutamine	Amino acid	Fecal	Less	Lin et al[44], 2019
Sphinganine, endocannabinoids		Serum	High	Martín-Blázquez et al[51], 2019
CRCAL-4, CRCAL-3, CRCAL-2 (Long Intergenic Non-Protein Coding RNA 858), and CRCAL-1	lncRNA	CRC cell line	↑	Yamada et al[27], 2018
NONHSAT074176.2	lncRNA	Fresh frozen tissue	↓	Zhang et al[28], 2018
CircDDX17	lncRNA	Fresh frozen tissue	Dysregylated	Li et al[29], 2018
Syndecan 2	Gene	Fresh frozen tissue	↑	Oh et al[20], 2013
PHOX1B, Glutamic acid de-carboxylase 2, and Fibroblast Growth Factor 12	Gene	Fresh frozen tissue	↑	Li et al[21], 2012
Visual System Homeobox 2	Gene	Neoplastic colonic tissue	↑	Mori et al[22], 2011

CRC: Colorectal cancer.