Role of autophagy in cholangiocarcinoma: An autophagy-based treatment strategy

doi:10.4251/wjgo.v13.i10.1229

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology

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1948-5204

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Gastrointest Oncol. Oct 15, 2021; 13(10): 1229-1243
Published online Oct 15, 2021. doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v13.i10.1229

Table 1 Small molecules able to induce autophagic activity

Agents	Mechanism of action
GDC-0941	Inhibitor of class I PI3K
GDC-0980	Dual inhibitor of PI3K and mTORC1
Everolimus	mTORC1 inhibitor
Temsirolimus	mTORC1 inhibitor
Rapamycin	mTORC1 inhibitor
Tat–beclin 1 peptide	Releases beclin-1 into cytoplasm-regulate autophagosome formation
Metformin	AMPK activator
Fluspirilene	Antagonists of L-type Ca²⁺channels
Loperamide	Antagonists of L-type Ca²⁺ channels
Amiodarone	Antagonists of L-type Ca²⁺ channels
Isoliensinine	Natural alkaloid
Cepharanthine	Natural alkaloid

mTORC1: Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1; AMPK: 5’ AMP-activated protein kinase; PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases; AKT: Protein kinase B; Beclin-1: The mammalian ortholog of the yeast autophagy-related gene 6 (Atg6).

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Citation: Koustas E, Trifylli EM, Sarantis P, Papavassiliou AG, Karamouzis MV. Role of autophagy in cholangiocarcinoma: An autophagy-based treatment strategy. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 13(10): 1229-1243
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-5204/full/v13/i10/1229.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4251/wjgo.v13.i10.1229

Koustas E, Trifylli EM, Sarantis P, Papavassiliou AG, Karamouzis MV. Role of autophagy in cholangiocarcinoma: An autophagy-based treatment strategy. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 13(10): 1229-1243 [PMID: 34721764 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v13.i10.1229]

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