Methylation changes at the GNAS imprinted locus in pancreatic cystic neoplasms are important for the diagnosis of malignant cysts

Table 1 Demographics and clinical characteristics of the study population

Characteristics	Value
Female gender, n (%) (n = 52)	35 (67.3)
Mean age at EUS-FNA, y, mean ± SD (interval)	59.1 ± 14.8 (29-91)
Cyst location, n (%) (n = 52)
Head	22 (42.3)
Body	20 (38.5)
Tail	9 (17.3)
Multiple cyst locations	1 (1.9)
Cyst size, cm, mean ± SD (interval)	3.9 ± 2.3 (1-10)
Cyst size > 3 cm, n (%)	29 (55.8)
Cyst with nodule/mass, n (%)	18 (34.6)
EUS imaging, n (%) (n = 52)1
No high risk features	13 (25)
1 high risk feature	29 (55.8)
≥ 2 risk features	10 (19.2)
PCF CEA, n (%) (n = 52)
CEA < 192 ng/mL	31 (59.6)
CEA ≥ 192 ng/mL	17 (32.7)
No result available	4 (7.7)
PCF cytology, n (%) (n = 52)
Non-diagnostic	27 (51.9)
Negative for malignancy	14 (26.9)
Suspicious/malignant	10 (19.2)
NET	1 (2)
Treatment decision, n (%) (n = 52)
Follow up	34 (65.4)
Surgery	11 (21.2)
Endoscopic drainage	1 (1.9)
Palliation (symptomatic or chemotherapy)	6 (11.5)

¹High-risk features: cyst size ≥ 3 and solid component or thick wall or dilated Wirsung (> 10 mm). CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; EUS-FNA: Endoscopic ultrasound with fine needle aspiration; NET: Neuroendocrine tumor; PCF: Pancreatic cyst fluid; SD: standard deviation.