Minimally invasive vs open pancreatectomy for nonfunctioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors

Table 3 Clinicopathological characteristics of the minimally invasive surgery and open groups in terms of the proximal location of nonfunctioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors

Variable	Open, n = 22	MIS, n = 15	P value
Male	11 (50.0%)	5 (33.3%)	0.505
Age in yr, median (range)	53.5 (40.0–65.0)	53.0 (43.0–65.5)	0.631
BMI in kg/m², median (range)	24.6 (22.7–27.3)	21.9 (21.1–23.4)	0.006
ASA grade, n (%)			0.069
I	6 (27.3)	0 (0.0)
II	14 (63.6)	12 (80.0)
III	2 (9.1)	3 (20.0)
Type of surgery			0.541
Central pancreatectomy	3 (13.6%)	4 (26.7%)
PPPD	14 (63.6%)	7 (46.7%)
Total pancreatectomy	5 (22.7%)	4 (26.7%)
Operative time in min, median (range)	346.0 (295.0-400.0)	512.0 (462.5-530.0)	< 0.001
Blood loss in cc, median (range)	450.0 (100.0-1020.0)	400. (175.0-450.0)	0.515
Clavien-Dindo grade			0.489
0: no complications	10 (45.5%)	4 (26.7%)
I	8 (36.4%)	5 (33.3%)
II	1 (4.5%)	3 (20.0%)
IIIa	1 (4.5%)	1 (6.7%)
IIIb	2 (9.1%)	1 (6.7%)
IV	0 (0.0%)	1 (6.7%)
DGEby ISGPS			0.457
Grade A	7 (31.8%)	5 (33.3%)
Grade B	0 (0.0%)	1 (6.7%)
Grade C	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)
POPF by ISGPF			0.571
Grade A	5 (22.7%)	4 (26.7%)
Grade B	1 (4.5%)	2 (13.3%)
Grade C	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)
Post-operative length of stay in d, median (range)	20.0 (14.0–30.0)	13.0 (10.5–24.5)	0.210
Resection margin status			0.505
R0	20 (90.9%)	15 (100.0%)
R1	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)
R2	2 (9.1%)	0 (0.0%)
Pathological tumor size incm, median (range)	2.6 (1.5-4.5)	1.5 (1.3-2.2)	0.041
T stage by ENETs classification			0.081
T1	6 (27.3%)	8 (53.3%)
T2	5 (22.7%)	0 (0.0%)
T3	11 (50.0%)	7 (46.7%)
N stage			1.000
0	20 (90.9%)	13 (86.7%)
1	2 (9.1%)	2 (13.3%)
M stage			1.000
0	19 (86.4%)	13 (86.7%)
1	3 (13.6%)	2 (13.3%)
Nodal harvest, median (range)	7.5 (5-12)	6.0 (2.5-12.5)	0.804
2010 WHO grade			0.848
G1	16 (72.7%)	10 (66.7%)
G2	3 (13.6%)	4 (26.7%)
G3	2 (9.1%)	1 (6.7%)
Unknown	1 (4.5%)	0 (0%)

ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; BMI: Body mass index; DGE: Delayed gastric emptying; ENETS: European Neuroendocrine Tumour Society; ISGPS: International Study Group on Pancreatic Surgery; ISGPF: International Study Group on Pancreatic Fistula; MIS: Minimally invasive surgery; POPF: Post-operative pancreatic fistulae; PPPD: Pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy; WHO: World Health Organization.