Precision medicine for gastrointestinal cancer: Recent progress and future perspective

Table 1 Current progress of circulating tumor cells, circulating tumor DNA and stool DNA as diagnostic, monitoring and predictive markers in gastrointestinal cancer

Liquid biopsy	Patients/ controls	Organs	Source of fluid	Abnormalities	Technology	Target	Clinical setting	Ref.
CTCs	140/0	EC	B		FIHC	CK19, CD45	Prognosis	Li et al[82], 2016
CTCs	NA	EC	B		ISET	NA	Prognosis	Han et al[83], 2019
CTCs	116/31	GC	B		FAST-disc	EpCAM, CK, CD45-	Diagnostic	Kang et al[84], 2017
CTCs	81/31	GC	B		ISET	CK8/18/19, Vimentin, CD45	Prognostic	Zheng et al, 2017
CTCs	101/31	GC	B		CellSearch and IF-FISH	EpCAM, CK8, CK18, CK19, CD45-, HER2	Predictive	Mishima et al[86], 2017
CTCs	121/0	CRC	B		Cyttel method/imFISH	CD45	Prognostic	Wang et al[87], 2019
ctDNA	11/0	EC	P, T, NT	Mutation	WES and NGS panel		Diagnostic /Therapeutic	Luo et al[88], 2016
ctDNA	13/0	EC	P, T	Mutation	NGS panel		Predictive	Ueda et al[89], 2016
ctDNA	63/0	EC	P	Copy number status	qPCR	CCND1	Predictive	Komatsu et al[90], 2014
cfDNA	32/0	GC	P	Copy number status	cfDNA NGS testing	ERBBB2	Therapeutic	Kim et al[91], 2018
ctDNA	277/0	EC/GC	P, T	Mutation	MassARRAY	TP53, PIK3CA, ERBB2, KRAS	Diagnostic /Prognostic	Kato et al, 2018
ctDNA	70/0	GC	P, T	Mutation	NGS panel	HER2	Therapeutic	Gao et al[93], 2017
cfDNA	60/30	GC	P	Mutation	Droplet digital PCR	HER2	Therapeutic	Shoda et al[94], 2017
ctDNA	1/0	GC	P, T	Mutation	NGS panel	MET	Therapeutic	Du et al30], 2017
ctDNA	230/0	CRC	B	Mutation	Safe-SeqS assay	NA	Prognostic	Tie et al[95], 2016
cfDNA	22/0	CRC	S	Mutation	NGS/dPCR	TP53, KRAS, APC, PIK3CA, BRAF, FBXW7, NRAS	Diagnostic /Prognostic	Furuki et al[96], 2018
cfDNA	3/0	CRC	P	Mutation	BEAMing	RAS, BRAF, PIK3CA	Predictive	Klein-Scory et al, 2018
cfDNA	20/0	CRC	P	Mutation	Droplet digital PCR	APC, TP53, KRAS, PI3CA	Predictive	Vandeputte et al[97], 2018
Stool DNA	71/22	CRC	Stool	Methylation	QIAamp DNA Stool Mini Kit	SDC2	Diagnostic	Oh et al[98], 2017

EC: Esophageal cancer; GC: Gastric cancer; CRC: Colorectal cancer; NT: Normal tissue; B: Blood; P: Plasma; S: Serum; T: Tumor tissue; PLF: Peritoneal lavage fluid; NGS: Next-generation sequencing; WES: Whole exome sequencing; FIHC: Fluorescent immunohistochemistry; NA: Not avaibable; EpCAM: Epithelial cell adhesion molecule.