Identification of candidate biomarkers correlated with pathogenesis of postoperative peritoneal adhesion by using microarray analysis

Figure 1 Box plots of data normalization and hierarchical cluster heatmap. A: Box plots of data normalization. The blue box plot represents the data before normalization, whereas the red box plot represents the normalized data; B: Heatmap of the obtained DEGs.

Figure 2 GO annotation and pathway enrichment of DEGs in adhesion formation. A: GO analysis of DEGs (top 20); B: KEGG enrichment of DEGs (top 20). GO: Gene ontology; DEGs: Differentially expressed genes; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes.

Figure 3 Visualization of the PPI network of identified DEGs. A: Network of the adhesion formation-associated genes; B: Two significant modules selected from the PPI network. Red: Greater degree; Yellow: Lesser degree. DEG: Differentially expressed genes; PPI: Protein–protein interaction.

Figure 4 Representative images of PPA in each group. A: PPA group; B: Sham group.

Figure 5 Representative images of Masson staining of adhesive tissues (200×). A: Masson staining in the PPA group; B: Masson staining in the SH group. PPA: Postoperative peritoneal adhesion; SH: Sham.

Figure 6 Representative mRNA expression level by qPCR. Expression levels of the mRNAs (TNF-α, IL1β, IL6, CXCL1, and CXCL2) were performed using qPCR, results are expressed as mean ± SD. PPA: Postoperative peritoneal adhesion; SH: Sham.

Figure 7 Relative protein levels by western blot analysis. The expression levels of TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB were obtained using western blot analysis. The results are expressed as mean ± SD. PPA: Postoperative peritoneal adhesion; SH: Sham.