Should a fully covered self-expandable biliary metal stent be anchored with a double-pigtail plastic stent? A retrospective study

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of patients who underwent fully covered self-expanding metal stent placement with or without double-pigtail plastic stent

Characteristic	Determinant	Frequency count	Percent of total frequency
Gender	Female	88	43.34
	Male	115	56.65
Race	Black	9	4.43
	White	194	95.56
Age	Mean (62.97); Range (23.00-91.00)
Brand of FCSEMS	Viabil fully covered	90	44.33
	Viabil fully covered with proximal fenestration	63	31.03
	WallFlex	50	24.63
Cholangitis drainage	No	191	94.08
	Yes	12	5.91
Choledocholithiasis at time of stent placement	No	188	92.61
	Yes	15	7.38
History of cholecystectomy	No	92	45.32
	Yes	111	54.67
History of stent migration	No	196	96.55
	Yes	7	3.44
Length of FCSEMS (cm)	4	30	14.77
	6	106	52.21
	8	47	23.15
	10	20	9.85
Length of Stricture (mm)	Mean (19.21); Range (0.00-90.00)
CBD diameter (mm)	Mean (11.19); Range (3.00-35.00)
Malignant stricture	No	108	53.20
	Yes	95	46.79
Migration	No	185	91.13
	Yes	18	8.86
Post sphincterotomy bleed	No	194	95.56
	Yes	9	4.43
Previous sphincterotomy	No	120	59.11
	Yes	83	40.88
Sphincterotomy at time of stent deployment	No	82	40.39
	Yes	121	59.60

FCSEMS: Fully covered self-expanding metal stent; DPS: Double-pigtail plastic stent.

Table 2 Comparison between patients who had migration of fully covered self-expanding metal stent placement (FCSEMS) and patient who had no migration of FCSEMS

Characteristic	Determinant	Migration (n = 18)	No migration (n = 185)	P-value
Gender	Female	5 (27.8%)	83 (44.9%)	0.1626
	Male	13 (72.2%)	102 (55.1%)	-
Age	mean ± SD (range)	59.83 (12.38) - (34.00, 91.00)	63.28 (15.23) - (23.00, 91.00)	0.3539
Race	Black	2 (11.1%)	7 (3.8%)	0.1494
	White	16 (88.9%)	178 (96.2%)	-
Post sphincterotomy bleed	No	17 (94.4%)	177 (95.7%)	0.8086
	Yes	1 (5.6%)	8 (4.3%)	-
Bile leak	No	18 (100.0%)	165 (89.2%)	0.1418
	Yes	0 (0.0%)	20 (10.8%)	-
Benign biliary stricture	No	6 (33.3%)	115 (62.2%)	0.0173
	Yes	12 (66.7%)	70 (37.8%)	-
Cholangitis drainage	No	18 (100.0%)	173 (93.5%)	0.2653
	Yes	0 (0.0%)	12 (6.5%)	-
Malignant stricture	No	13 (72.2%)	95 (51.4%)	0.0902
	Yes	5 (27.8%)	90 (48.6%)	-
Brand of FCSEMS	Viabil fully covered	8 (44.4%)	82 (44.3%)	0.2294
	Viabil fully covered with proximal fenestration	3 (16.7%)	60 (32.4%)	-
	WallFlex	7 (38.9%)	43 (23.2%)	-
Length of FCSEMS (cm)	4	2 (11.1%)	28 (15.1%)	0.9376
	6	9 (50.0%)	97 (52.4%)	-
	8	5 (27.8%)	42 (22.7%)	-
	10	2 (11.1%)	18 (9.7%)	-
Anchored FCSEMSs with DPS	No	14 (77.8%)	124 (67.0%)	0.3507
	Yes	4 (22.2%)	61 (33.0%)	-
Length of stricture (mm)	mean ± SD (range)	14.67 (10.72) - (0.00, 40.00)	19.65 (19.32) - (0.00, 90.00)	0.0958
CBD diameter (mm)	mean ± SD (range)	11.61 (4.50) - (5.00,22.00)	11.15 (4.70) - (3.00,35.00)	0.6878
History of cholecystectomy	No	5 (27.8%)	87 (47.0%)	0.1173
	Yes	13 (72.2%)	98 (53.0%)	-
Previous sphincterotomy	No	6 (33.3%)	114 (61.6%)	0.0198
	Yes	12 (66.7%)	71 (38.4%)	-
Sphincterotomy at time of stent deployment	No	9 (50.0%)	73 (39.5%)	0.3843
	Yes	9 (50.0%)	112 (60.5%)	-
History of stent migration	No	17 (94.4%)	179 (96.8%)	0.6078
	Yes	1 (5.6%)	6 (3.2%)	-
Choledocholithiasis at time of stent placement	No	16 (88.9%)	172 (93.0%)	0.5272
	Yes	2 (11.1%)	13 (7.0%)	-

FCSEMS: Fully covered self-expanding metal stent; DPS: Double-pigtail plastic stent.