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Publication Name
World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
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1948-5190
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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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©The Author(s) 2015.
World J Gastrointest Endosc. Aug 25, 2015; 7(11): 1003-1013
Published online Aug 25, 2015. doi: 10.4253/wjge.v7.i11.1003
Table 1 Etiologies of benign biliary strictures
Postsurgical
Cholecystectomy (open or laparoscopic)
Liver transplantation (i.e., anastomotic biliary stricture)
Bilio-enteric anastomosis
Sphincterotomy
Inflammatory
Chronic pancreatitis
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
Immunoglobulin G4-related cholangiopathy
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome cholangiopathy
Vasculitis
Other
Ischemia (e.g., post-liver transplantation)
Trauma
Portal biliopathy
Infection (e.g., Clonorchiasis)
Radiation injury
Idiopathic
Full Size Table
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