Endoscopic hemostasis techniques for upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: A review

Table 1 Causative diseases for upper GI-hemorrhage

Esophagus	Esophageal varices
	Esophagitis
	Mallory-weiss syndrome
	Esophageal cancer
	Others (aortointestinal fistula, foreign body, etc.)
Stomach	Ulcer (peptic ulcer, NSAID-associated ulcer, dieulafoy’s lesion, etc.)
	AGML
	Gastric varices
	Gastric cancer
	Other tumor (GIST, malignant lymphoma, etc.)
	Vascular ectasia, GAVE, PHG
	Hyperplastic polyp
	Others (foreign body, etc.)
Duodenum	Ulcer (peptic ulcer, NSAID-associated ulcer, dieulafoy’s lesion, etc.)
	Duodenitis
	Duodenal varices
	Diverticulum
	Tumor (cancer, malignant lymphoma, GIST, etc.)
	Invasion of malignant tumor (pancreas, bile duct, etc.)
	Others (hemobilia, aortointestinal fistula, etc.)

NSAIDs: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; AGML: Acute gastric mucosal lesion; GIST: Gastrointestinal stromal tumor; GAVE: Gastroantral vascular ectasia; PHG: Portal hypertensive gastropathy.