Identifying who best tolerates moderate sedation: Results from a national database of gastrointestinal endoscopic outcomes

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of low dose and high dose sedation groups

Variable	LD EGD (n = 25146), n (%)	HD EGD (n = 113281), n (%)	P value	LD colonoscopy (n = 37991), n (%)	HD colonoscopy (n = 194684), n (%)	P value
Age, mean ± SD	51.9 ± 21.9	58.2 ± 19.2	< 0.0001	56.8 ± 14.5	59.7 ± 22.6	< 0.0001
Female gender	13095 (52.1)	55617 (49.1)	< 0.0001	18548 (48.8)	89973 (46.2)	< 0.0001
Hispanic	6091 (24.2)	20479 (18.1)	< 0.0001	9052 (23.8)	22533 (11.6)	< 0.0001
White	19704 (78.4)	91529 (80.8)	< 0.0001	30643 (80.7)	168539 (86.6)	< 0.0001
Black	2084 (8.3)	6427 (5.7)	< 0.0001	2262 (6.0)	8605 (4.4)	< 0.0001
Asian	1284 (5.1)	3985 (3.5)	< 0.0001	2213 (5.8)	5484 (2.8)	< 0.0001
Other race	2025 (8.1)	9697 (8.6)	< 0.0001	3220 (8.5)	10100 (5.2)	< 0.0001
BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD	27.8 ± 15.2	28.2 ± 19.8	< 0.0001	28.3 ± 19.9	28.2 ± 17	< 0.0001
Exam duration (min), mean ± SD	9 ± 12	10 ± 8	< 0.0001	20 ± 24	23 ± 23	< 0.0001
Medication dosage, mean ± IQR
Fentanyl (mcg)	45 ± 8.3	205.6 ± 11.1		47.6 ± 9	255.9 ± 15.3
Meperidine (µg)	33.9 ± 7.2	170.3 ± 10.4		45.7 ± 12.3	152.8 ± 11.6
Midazolam (mg)	1.3 ± 9.4	6.3 ± 19.7		1.8 ± 17.4	8.8 ± 21.2
Diphenhydramine (mg)	N/A	25.2 ± 13.5		N/A	50.3 ± 11.5
Personnel managing sedation, n (%)
Endoscopist	11522 (45.8)	63187 (55.8)	< 0.0001	15608 (41.1)	96376 (49.5)	< 0.0001
Anesthesiologist	13572 (54.0)	49656 (43.8)	< 0.0001	21288 (56.0)	89120 (45.8)	< 0.0001
Other	9042 (36.0)	216 (0.19)	< 0.0001	1095 (2.9)	46 (0.02)	< 0.0001
Unplanned intubations, n (%)	132 (0.5)	239 (0.2)	< 0.0001	5 (0.01)	19 (0.01)	< 0.0001
Aborted procedures, n (%)	5791 (23.0)	1371 (1.2)	< 0.0001	1602 (4.2)	341 (0.2)	< 0.0001
Admission status, n (%)
Inpatient	4936 (19.6)	12300 (10.9)	< 0.0001	1642 (4.3)	4894 (2.5)	< 0.0001
Outpatient	20204 (80.3)	100756 (88.9)	< 0.0001	36349 (95.7)	189631 (97.4)	< 0.0001
Location of procedure, n (%)
Ambulatory surgical center	14469 (57.5)	70643 (62.4)	< 0.0001	24967 (65.7%)	137399 (70.6)	< 0.0001
Endoscopy suite	9790 (38.9)	40263 (35.5)	< 0.0001	12735 (33.5)	56352 (28.9)	< 0.0001
Hospital ward	150 (0.6)	205 (0.2)	< 0.0001	24 (0.06)	72 (0.04)	< 0.0001
ICU	668 (2.7)	1678 (1.5)	< 0.0001	114 (0.3)	205 (0.1)	< 0.0001
Operating room	16 (0.1)	66 (0.06)	< 0.0001	4 (0.01)	18 (0.01)	< 0.0001
Other1	479 (1.9)	201 (0.2)	< 0.0001	147 (0.4)	47 (0.02)	< 0.0001

¹Other sites: Includes radiology suites and offices. LD: Low dose sedation group; HD: High dose sedation group; ICU: Intensive care unit; IQR: Interquartile range; SD: Standard deviation.