CD36 genetic variation, fat intake and liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C virus infection

Table 1 Demographical and clinical characteristics of the chronic hepatitis C patients classified by cluster of differentiation 36 genotype

	CD36 genotype
Variable	AA	AG	GG	P-value
No. of patients, n (%)	22 (30.1)	40 (54.8)	11 (15.1)	---
Age (yr)	48.1 ± 11.7	51.4 ± 11.1	53.7 ± 15.3	0.38
Gender (F/M)	(12/10)	(21/19)	(7/4)	0.68
BMI (kg/m2)	26.6 ± 4.1	24.9 ± 4.2	24.4 ± 3.1	0.52
Duration of infection (yr)	26.9 ± 10.1	25.2 ± 8.1	25.4 ± 7.4	0.62
HCV genotype 1, n (%)	15 (68.2)	27 (67.5)	8 (72.7)	0.40
HCV genotype 2, n (%)	5 (22.7)	9 (22.5)	3 (27.3)
HCV genotype 3, n (%)	2 (9.1)	4 (10)	0 (0)

Quantitative values are expressed as mean ± SD. Frequencies are expressed as percentage. CHC: Chronic hepatitis C; F/M: Female/male; BMI: Body mass index; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; CD36: Cluster of differentiation 36.

Table 2 Daily dietary intake of the chronic hepatitis C patients classified by cluster of differentiation 36 genotype

		CD36 genotype
Variable	Reference values	AA	AG	GG	P-value
Total calories	-	2531.3 ± 301.3	1902.5 ± 396.1	1873.5 ± 345.7	0.021a
CH (%)	50-60	55.4 ± 10.5	54.3 ± 8.9	53.2 ± 6.4	0.76
Protein (%)	15	17.2 ± 4.6	16.3 ± 3.9	16.4 ± 2.9	0.81
Fat (%)	< 30	34.9 ± 7.5	27.5 ± 7.2	24.9 ± 1.1	0.001299a
SFA (%)	< 7	16.1 ± 6.1	8.1 ± 3.2	8.4 ± 2.7	0.2 × 10-6a
MUFA (%)	20	13.1 ± 3.4	12.8 ± 7.6	12.1 ± 5.4	0.94
PUFA (%)	10	8.8 ± 6.5	5.6 ± 4.2	5.2 ± 1.3	0.11

^aBy post hoc tests: Total calories: AA genotype vs AG and GG genotypes, P = 0.027. Fat: AA vs AG, P = 0.006; AA vs GG, P = 0.002; SFA: AA vs AG, P = 0.2 × 10^-6, AA vs GG, P = 0.185 × 10^-4. Quantitative values are expressed as mean ± SD. CH: Carbohydrates; SFA: Saturated fatty acids; MUFA: Monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFAs: Polyunsaturated fatty acids; CD36: Cluster of differentiation 36.

Table 3 Daily intake of food group servings in chronic hepatitis C patients classified by cluster of differentiation 36 genotype

		CD36 genotype
Variable	Reference values	AA	AG	GG	P-value
Sugars	0-3	5.7 ± 4.3	5.5 ± 4.8	5.2 ± 4.1	0.85
Meat	2-3	5.7 ± 1.6	5.1 ± 2.8	4.4 ± 2.2	0.15
Fruits	2-4	2.0 ± 1.8	1.7 ± 0.9	1.4 ± 1.1	0.43
Vegetables	3-5	2.1 ± 1.6	1.9 ± 1.1	1.6 ± 0.8	0.42
Fats	0-3	6.5 ± 1.7	4.3 ± 3.1	3.9 ± 2.2	0.0032071
Milk	1-3	1.0 ± 0.7	0.8 ± 0.7	0.8 ± 0.9	0.86
Legumes	1-2	1.0 ± 0.7	0.9 ± 0.7	0.8 ± 0.7	0.88
Cereals	6-11	10.3 ± 5.4	9.6 ± 5.8	9.0 ± 5.1	0.77

Quantitative values are expressed as mean ± SD.

¹By Post hoc tests: Fats: AA vs GG, P = 0.011608. CD36: Cluster of differentiation 36.

Table 4 Biochemical profile of the chronic hepatitis C patients classified by cluster of differentiation 36 genotype

	CD36 genotype
Variable	AA	AG	GG	P-value
Glucose (mg/dL)	109.5 ± 59.3	106.7 ± 42.9	97.4 ± 19.8	0.78
TC (mg/dL)	146.8 ± 35.1	162.2 ± 44.2	157.8 ± 51.1	0.40
TG (mg/dL)	112.8 ± 43.3	140.8 ± 60.8	142.3 ± 51.1	0.30
HDL-c (mg/dL)	42.7 ± 15.1	40.4 ± 13.1	33.8 ± 9.8	0.21
LDL-c (mg/dL)	83.1 ± 28.8	95.4 ± 42.6	101.1 ± 42.6	0.44
VLDL-c (mg/dL)	22.6 ± 8.7	28.2 ± 12.1	28.9 ± 10.1	0.27
ALT (IU/L)	93.8 ± 42.6	73.4 ± 73.1	71.5 ± 46.4	0.38
AST (IU/L)	91.7 ± 41.3	61.5 ± 40.3	69.8 ± 53.9	0.0281
GGT (IU/L)	85.9 ± 56.2	66.4 ± 40.8	43.1 ± 33.2	0.18

¹By post hoc tests: AA genotype vs AG genotype, P = 0.024. Quantitative values are expressed as mean ± SD. TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides; HDL-c: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; VLDL-c: Very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl-transferase; CD36: Cluster of differentiation 36.

Table 5 Kilopascals and aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index score values by the severity of liver fibrosis among chronic hepatitis C patients

Variable	Mild fibrosis	Advanced fibrosis	P-value
No. of patients, n (%)	35 (47.9)	38 (52.1)	-
kPa	6.5 ± 1.7	22.7 ± 13.4	< 0.001
APRI score	0.81 ± 0.33	1.78 ± 0.53	< 0.001

Quantitative values are expressed as mean ± SD. kPa: Kilopascals; APRI: Aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index.

Table 6 Association of the cluster of differentiation 36 genotype with the severity of liver fibrosis among chronic hepatitis C patients

CD36 genotype	Mild fibrosis n (%)	Advanced fibrosis n (%)	Genotype comparison	Odds ratio (95%CI)	P-value
AA	6 (17.1)	16 (42.1)	AA vs GG	3.20 (0.70-14.52)	0.12
AG	23 (65.7)	17 (44.7)	AA vs AG	3.60 (1.16-11.15)	0.02
GG	6 (17.1)	5 (13.2)	AA vs AG/GG	3.51 (1.18-10.45)	0.02

CD36: Cluster of differentiation 36.