Bacterial infections in cirrhosis: A critical review and practical guidance

Table 5 Studies demonstrated risk of bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients receiving proton pump inhibitors

Ref.	Design	n	Results
Campbell et al[116]	Case-control	116	NS for SBP (OR = 1.05; 95%CI: 0.43-2.57)
Bajaj et al[108]	Case-control	83230	PPI use were significantly higher in those with CDAD (74% vs 31%, P = 0.0001)
Bajaj et al[112]	Retrospective, propensity-matched	1268	↑ Serious infections (HR = 1.66; 95%CI: 1.31-2.12)
de Vos et al[119]	Case-control	102	PPI were more frequently used in SBP patients than in controls, but did not influence prognosis of SBP
Min et al[113]	Retrospective cohort	1554	↑ SBP (HR = 1.39; 95%CI: 1.057-1.843)
Mandorfer et al[117]	Retrospective	607	PPI neither predisposes to SBP (HR = 1.38; 95%CI: 0.63-3.01) or other infections (HR = 1.71; 95%CI: 0.85-3.44)
Terg et al[118]	Prospective	770	PPI therapy was not associated with a higher risk of SBP and other infections
Merli et al[114]	Cross-sectional	400	↑ Bacterial infections (OR = 2; 95%CI: 1.2-3.2)
O'Leary et al[115]	Prospective	188	↑ Infections: CDAD and SBP (OR = 2.94; 95%CI: 1.39-6.20)

NS: Not significance; SBP: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis; PPI: Proton pump inhibitor; CDAD: Clostridium difficile associate disease.