Portal hypertensive gastropathy: A systematic review of the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, natural history and therapy

Table 6 Therapies affecting the severity or the risk of bleeding from portal hypertensive gastropathy

Therapies reducing severity of PHG	Ref.
TIPS	[76,77,98]
Transcatheter splenic arterial embolization	[99]
Surgical shunt
Portocaval shunt	[100]
Central splenorenal shunt	[101]
Laparoscopic splenectomy (in patients with hypersplenism)	[55]
Liver transplantation	[44]
Therapies reducing risk of bleeding from PHG
TIPS	[75,98,102]
Surgical shunt (portocaval or splenorenal)	[100,101]
Nonselective b β-adrenergic receptor antagonists (e.g., propranolol)	[103 (in rats),104]
Somatostatin family of drugs
Somatostatin	[105]
Octreotide	[106]
Vasopressin family of drugs
Vasopressin	[106]
Terlipressin	[107]
Therapies that increase incidence or risk of bleeding from PHG
Endoscopic therapies for varices
Variceal ligation	[11,41]
Variceal sclerotherapy	[11,83]
Interventional angiography
Percutaneous transhepatic variceal embolization	[85]

TIPS: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt; PHG: Portal hypertensive gastropathy.