Alcohol use disorder and its impact on chronic hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus infections

Table 3 Non-invasive methods for analyzing liver fibrosis in patients with alcohol use disorder, hepatitis C virus infection and hepatitis C virus - human immunodeficiency virus co-infection

Ref.	Setting	Non-invasive method	Method for detecting alcohol consumption	Finding
Lieber et al[69]	VA studies (2) of alcoholic liver disease	APRI1	Average alcohol intake	Low sensitivity and specificity of APRI in comparison to liver biopsy, especially in subjects with HCV
Chaudhry et al[169]	HIV Hopkins clinical cohort	APRI	Past 6-mo hazardous drinking	No effect of alcohol on APRI values in HCV/HIV co-infection
Blackard et al[170]	WIHS cohort	FIB-42	Recent drinking	No association between alcohol intake and FIB-4 values in HCV/HIV co-infection
Muga et al[171]	AUD patients admitted for detoxification	FIB-4	Past 6-mo unhealthy drinking	No association between FIB-4 and alcohol use in HCV/HIV co-infection
Fuster et al[173]	HIV-live cohort	FIB-4 and APRI	LDH	No association between LDH and liver fibrosis measured with FIB-4 or APRI
Lim et al[174]	VACS cohort	FIB-4	AUDIT-C3	Advanced liver fibrosis correlated with alcohol use

¹APRI: AST to platelet ratio index= {[AST/AST upper limit of normal (IU/L)]/platelet count (10⁹/L)} × 100[64];

²FIB-4 = age × AST (IU/L)/platelet count (10⁹/L) × ALT (IU/L)^1/2[63];

³AUDIT-C: Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test[179]. HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; AUD: Alcohol use disorder; APRI: Aminotransferase/platelet ratio index; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; LDH: Lifetime drinking history; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; VA: United States Department of Veteran Affairs; WIHS: Women’s Interagency HIV study; VACS: Veterans Aging Cohort study.