Composite prognostic models across the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease spectrum: Clinical application in developing countries

Table 1 Peripheral biomarkers used for the assessment of necro-inflammation and fibrotic injury in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Pathogenic mechanism	Biomarker		NASH	Advanced fibrosis	Ref.
Hepatocyte apoptosis	Apoptotic markers	CK-18 ↑	X		El Bassat et al[11]
		sFas ↑	X
Oxidative stress	Lipid peroxidation products	Ox-LDL ↑	X		Kawanaka et al[12]
		TBARS ↑	X		Machado et al[13]
		MDA ↑	X
		HNE ↑	X
	Indicators of altered redox potential	GSH ↑	X
		SOD ↓	X
		TRX ↑	X
Chronic inflammation	Acute phase reactants	CRP	X		Jarrar et al[14]
		Ferritin	X		Braunersreuther et al[15]
		PTX3	X
	Adipocytokines	Leptin	X
		Adiponectin		X
		TNF-α	X
		IL-1β	X
		IL-6		X
		TGF-α/β1	X
Increased hepatocellular turnover	Extracellular matrix components	HA		X	Baranova et al[16]
		Laminin		X
		Type IV collagen 7S		X
		PIIINP		X
		MMP-2/9		X
		TIMP-1		X

CK-18: Cytokeratin-18; sFAS: Soluble Fas; Ox-LDL: Oxidized low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TBARS: Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; MDA: Malondialdehyde; HNE: Hydroxynonenal; GSH: Reduced glutathione; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; TRX: Thioredoxin; CRP: C-reactive protein; PTX3: Pentraxin 3; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor α; IL: Interleukin; TGF: Transforming growth factor; HA: Hyaluronic acid; NASH: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; MMP: Matrix metalloproteinase; PIIINP; Procollagen 3 n-terminal propeptide; TIMP: Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase.