Current status and agenda in the diagnosis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in Japan

Table 2 Noninvasive biomarkers previously studied or currently under evaluation

Insulin resistance	Inflammation and apoptosis
HOMA-IR	TNF-α
Leptin	hsCRP
Adiponectin	CK-18 fragments
	TNF-α/adiponectin ratio
Hepatic fibrosis	Interleukin-6
Hyaluronic acid	CC-chemokine ligand-2
Type IV collagen 7S
TGFβ	Endocrine
	DHEA-S
Oxidative stress
Ferritin	Imaging studies
TBARS	US elastography
Oxidized-LDL	Fibroscan
Total antioxidant response	ARFI
Total lipid peroxide levels	Contrast enhanced US
Thioredoxin	MRI (SPIO, Gd-EOB-DTPA)
Advanced glycation end products

HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance; TGFβ: transforming growth factor β; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid-reacting substance; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; hsCRP: high sensitivity C-reactive protein; CK: cytokeratin; CCL2: CC-chemokine ligand-2; DHEA-S: dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate; ARFI: acoustic radiation force impulse elastography; SPIO: super-paramagnetic iron oxide; US: ultrasound; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging.