Therapeutic efficacy and multitarget mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine in hereditary liver diseases: Insights into bioactive components

Table 1 Summary of hereditary liver diseases pathophysiology and current therapies

Disease	Genetic defect	Core pathology	Current therapies	Limitations
WD	ATP7B	Copper overload → ROS → apoptosis/fibrosis	Chelators (Dpenicillamin), zinc	Lifelong use; neurotoxicity
AATD	SERPINA1	Z-AAT aggregation → ER stress → fibrosis	AAT augmentation (lungs), transplantation	No liver-targeted therapy
HH	HFE	Hepcidin deficiency → iron overload → ferroptosis	Phlebotomy, chelators	Poor adherence; toxicity
GSD	Glycogen metabolism genes	Hypoglycemia → metabolic dysregulation	Dietary management	No cure; transplantation-dependent

WD: Wilson’s disease; AATD: 1-antitrypsin deficiency; HH: Hereditary hemochromatosis; GSD: Glycogen storage disease; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; ER: Endoplasmic reticulum.