Emerging treatment options for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and its related liver diseases

Table 2 Next-generation therapies for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease

Clinical trials	Phase	Treatments	Effects	Ref.
NCT04555434	N/A	Probiotics	Decrease in ALT and AST levels, body weight, and cholesterol levels by regulating gut microbial components	[89]
NCT04527965	N/A	A low-carbohydrate PUFA diet or a low-fat HND	Decrease in liver fat accumulation and LDL cholesterol levels in both diets. HND intervention further decreases body weight, ALT, AST, triglycerides, CRP, and HbA1c levels	[90]
NCT06220695	N/A	Isocaloric Mediterranean diet and low-fat diet	Decrease in body weight, hepatic steatosis, and fibrosis	[91]
NCT03118310	2	5:2 diet low-carb high-fat	Decrease in body mass index, hepatic steatosis, and liver stiffness	[92]
PACTR2022065315457291	2	Phenolic acid fraction	Improvement in hepatic steatosis. Decrease in fasting triglycerides, non-HDL cholesterol, ALT, and AST levels	[96]
IRCT20180103038199N162	N/A	Ellagic acid, a polyphenol	Improvement in liver stiffness. Decrease in levels of ALT, AST, fasting blood sugar, triglycerides, and LDL cholesterols	[97]
NCT07211113	N/A	Fonte Essenziale®, a mineral water	Decrease in serum markers of liver injury, hepatic steatosis, systemic inflammation. Improvement in intestinal permeability	[98]
NCT04142424; NCT04483947	1	AZD2693, a liver-targeted antisense oligonucleotide against PNPLA3 mRNA	Improvement in hepatic steatosis. Decrease in hs-CRP and IL-6	[101]
NCT06025851; NCT06037577; NCT06044467	1	Anti-human CCL24 monoclonal antibody (CM-101)	Decrease in serum levels of inflammatory and fibrotic biomarkers	[102]

¹Pan African Clinical Trials Registry.

²Iranian Registration of Clinical Trials.

ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; hs-CRP: High-sensitivity C-reactive protein; IL: Interleukin; mRNA: Messenger ribonucleic acid; N/A: Not applicable; PNPLA3: Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3; PUFA: Polyunsaturated fatty acids; HND: Healthy Nordic diet.