Differentiation of minimal and grade 1 hepatic encephalopathy using neurophysiological, neuropsychological, magnetic resonance spectroscopic, and systemic inflammatory parameters

Table 5 Univariate and multivariate regression analysis to identify significant risk factors of mortality

Parameters	Univariate hazard ratio by the Cox regression model		Multivariate hazard ratio
	HR (95%CI)	P value	HR (95%CI)	P value
Age	1.025 (0.997-1.054)	0.081
Hemoglobin	0.917 (0.782-1.076)	0.289
TLC	1.000 (1.000-1.000)	0.473
Platelets	1.000 (1.000-1.000)	0.158
Blood urea	1.049 (1.025-1.074)	0.0001	1.008 (0.963-1.056)	0.726
Creatinine	7.596 (3.170-18.205)	< 0.0001	0.842 (0.133-5.346)	0.856
Total Protein	0.367 (0.251-0.537)	< 0.0001	0.495 (0.279-0.881)	0.017
Serum albumin	0.359 (0.197-0.655)	0.001	1.243 (0.502-3.082)	0.638
Total bilirubin	1.073 (1.008-1.143)	0.028	0.865 (0.725-1.031)	0.106
AST	1.003 (1.000-1.007)	0.039	1.001 (0.995-1.07)	0.740
ALT	1.002 (0.996-1.009)	0.517
ALP	0.998 (0.993-1.03)	0.544
Na	0.906 (0.852-0.963)	0.002	0.920 (0.852-0.994)	0.035
K	1.678 (0.994-2.834)	0.053
INR	1.948 (1.281-2.963)	0.002	0.338 (0.121-0.942)	0.038
Serum ammonia	1.012 (1.005-1.020)	0.001	0.994 (0.977-1.010)	0.449
CFF	0.895 (0.836-0.959)	0.002	0.895 (0.773-1.038)	0.142
MELD	1.132 (1.084-1.183)	< 0.0001	1.263	0.000
Myoinositol peak	0.080 (0.014-1.183)	0.005	0.759 (0.015-39.025)	0.891
Choline peak	0.245 (0.059-1.017)	0.053
Glutamine peak	2.521 (1.201-5.295)	0.015	0.692 (0.180-2.662)	0.593
TNF-α	1.015 (1.005-1.024)	0.003	1.003 (0.984-1.022)	0.777
IL-6	1.006 (1.000-1.011)	0.036	0.999 (0.990-1.007)	0.776
IL-18	1.001 (1.00-1.003)	0.137
Endotoxin	123.151 (7.777-1.95E+03)	0.0006	9445.964 (0.220-3.97E+08)	0.093
IL-10	1.149 (1.053-1.255)	0.002	1.022 (0.757-1.381)	0.886
IL-12	1.085 (1.021-1.154)	0.009	0.713 (0.532-0.956)	0.024
IL-1β	1.115 (1.040-1.195)	0.002	1.206 (0.901-1.614)	0.208
Gender
Female	1
Male	1.044 (0.438-2.486)	0.923
CTP grade
A	1
B	1180.167 (0.000-6.66E+95)	0.948
C	5819.475 (3.28E+96)	0.937
Grade of HE
No HE	1
Minimal HE	3.069 (1.105-8.524)	0.031	1.333 (0.165-10.745)	0.787
Grade 1 HE	5.155 (1.942-13.683)	0.001	2.34	0.008

HR: Hazard ratio; CI: Confidence interval; TLC: Total leukocyte count; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; INR: International normalized ratio; CFF: Critical flicker frequency; MELD: Model for end-stage liver disease; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; IL: Interleukin; CTP: Child Turcotte Pugh; HE: Hepatic encephalopathy.