Differentiation of minimal and grade 1 hepatic encephalopathy using neurophysiological, neuropsychological, magnetic resonance spectroscopic, and systemic inflammatory parameters

Table 3 Univariate and multivariate regression analysis to identify significant risk factors of complications

Parameters	Univariate hazard ratio by the Cox regression model		Multivariate hazard ratio
	HR (95%CI)	P value	HR (95%CI)	P value
Age	0.989 (0.968-1.011)	0.328
Hemoglobin	0.966 (0.865-1.080)	0.545
TLC	1.000 (1.000-1.000)	0.026	1.000 (1.000-1.000)	0.597
Platelets	1.000 (1.000-1.000)	0.223
Blood urea	1.017 (1.000-1.035)	0.051
Creatinine	4.429 (2.159-9.086)	< 0.0001	1.434 (0.546-3.765)	0.464
Total protein	0.631 (0.486-0.818)	0.001	0.920 (0.660-1.283)	0.623
Serum albumin	0.489 (0.327-0.732)	0.001	0.950 (0.539-1.676)	0.860
Total bilirubin	1.085 (1.041-1.131)	0.0001	0.954 (0.866-1.052)	0.345
AST	1.006 (1.003-1.008)	< 0.0001	1.004 (0.998-1.010)	0.166
ALT	1.008 (1.002-1.014)	0.007	0.998 (0.986-1.010)	0.998
ALP	1.001 (0.999-1.004)	0.279
Na	0.949 (0.908-0.991)	0.018	0.971 (0.920-1.025)	0.283
K	1.014 (0.678-1.515)	0.947
INR	1.716 (1.253-2.350)	0.001	0.349 (0.159-0.766)	0.009
Serum ammonia	1.008 (1.003-1.014)	0.002	0.993 (0.983-1.004)	0.233
CFF	0.911 (0.868-0.975)	0.0002	0.933 (0.855-1.019)	0.122
MELD	1.110 (1.076-1.145)	< 0.0001	1.209 (1.104-1.322)	< 0.0001
Myoinositol peak	0.154 (0.045-0.525)	0.003	2.330 (0.212-25.657)	0.490
Choline peak	0.334 (0.126-0.887)	0.028	0.994 (0.291-3.396)	0.992
Glutamine peak	2.004 (1.170-3.433)	0.011	0.949 (0.392-2.300)	0.908
TNF-α	1.013 (1.006-1.021)	0.0003	0.995 (0.981-1.010)	0.517
IL-6	1.005 (1.001-1.09)	0.012	0.998 (0.992-1.004)	0.513
IL-18	1.001 (1.000-1.002)	0.008	1.000 (0.997-1.003)	0.939
Endotoxin	43.315 (6.576-285.318)	0.0001	3.181 (0.002-4085.938)	0.751
IL-10	1.136 (1.071-1.204)	< 0.0001	1.145 (0.950-1.381)	0.156
IL-12	1.083 (1.038-1.130)	0.0002	0.823 (0.676-1.002)	0.053
IL-1β	1.101 (1.049-1.156)	0.0001	1.171 (0.967-1.418)	0.107
Gender
Female	1
Male	1.598 (0.799-3.196)	0.185
CTP grade
A	1
B	1654.812 (0.000-4.83E+60)	0.913
C	5289.119 (0.000-1.54E+61)	0.899
Grade of HE
No HE	1
Minimal HE	1.756 (0.957-3.223)	0.069
Grade 1 HE	3.018 (1.696-5.373)	0.0002	3 (1.25-7.20)	0.014

HR: Hazard ratio; CI: Confidence interval; TLC: Total leukocyte count; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; INR: International normalized ratio; CFF: Critical flicker frequency; MELD: Model for end-stage liver disease; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; IL: Interleukin; CTP: Child Turcotte Pugh; HE: Hepatic encephalopathy.