Impact of two-session fecal microbiota transplantation on minimal hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis

doi:10.4254/wjh.v18.i4.116153

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World Journal of Hepatology

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1948-5182

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Randomized Controlled Trial

Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Hepatol. Apr 27, 2026; 18(4): 116153
Published online Apr 27, 2026. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v18.i4.116153

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the patients

Characteristics	Overall population (n = 122)	FMT (n = 60)	Lactulose (n = 62)
Age (years)	44.3 ± 8.9	43.7 ± 9.1	44.8 ± 8.9
Sex (male)	118 (96.7)	57 (95.0)	61 (98.4)
BMI (kg/m²)	23.6 (21.9-25.8)	23.4 (21.2-25.9)	23.8 (22.1-25.8)
Education (formal education in years)	11.4 ± 3.4	11.3 ± 3.1	11.5 ± 3.7
Etiology
Alcohol	67 (54.9)	32 (53.3)	35 (56.4)
MASLD	22 (18.0)	9 (15.0)	13 (21.0)
Hepatitis B	25 (20.5)	15 (25.0)	10 (16.1)
Hepatitis C	8 (6.6)	4 (6.7)	4 (6.5)
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	11.1 (9.4-12.6)	11.5 (10.12-12.85)	10.8 (9.12-12.1)
TLC (mm³)	5500 (4400-7350)	6030 (5105-8655)	5290 (4090-6150)
Platelet count (× 10³/mm³)	98 (66-128)	99 (68-137)	97 (65-118)
Total bilirubin (mg/dL)	2.0 (1.3-2.6)	2.1 (1.3-2.9)	1.7 (1.1-2.4)
AST (U/L)	64 (45-98)	66 (47-106)	64 (41-92)
ALT (U/L)	35 (25-49)	36 (24-51)	33 (26-45)
ALP (U/L)	139 (107-186)	140 (109-186)	139 (107-208)
Total protein (g/dL)	7.9 (7.4-8.2)	7.9 (7.3-8.2)	7.9 (7.5-8.3)
Albumin (g/dL)	3.5 ± 0.7	3.4 ± 0.7	3.6 ± 0.7
Urea (mg/dL)	22 (16-32)	25 (16-34)	20 (16-28)
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.9 ± 0.2	0.9 ± 0.2	0.9 ± 0.2
Sodium (mEq/L)	136.0 ± 4.6	136.1 ± 4.2	135.9 ± 4.9
Potassium (mEq/L)	4.4 ± 0.5	4.3 ± 0.6	4.5 ± 0.5
INR	1.5 (1.3-1.8)	1.6 (1.3-1.8)	1.4 (1.3-1.8)
AFP	4.3 (2.7-5.8)	4.5 (2.7-5.8)	3.7 (2.68-6.0)
CTP class
A	39 (32.0)	15 (25.0)	24 (38.7)
B	65 (53.3)	33 (55.0)	32 (51.6)
C	18 (14.6)	12 (20.0)	6 (9.7)
ANT	12.4 ± 2.3	12.7 ± 2.2	12.0 ± 2.4
LSM (kPa)	40.1 (26.6-60.2)	37.3 (28.0-58.6)	43.3 (26.0-64.7)
CAP (dB/m)	224 (193-249)	223 (196-242)	226 (190-259)
Ammonia	86 (72-107)	87 (66-107)	84 (74-105)
CTP score	7.0 (6.0-9.0)	7.0 (6.5-9.0)	7.0 (6.0-9.0)
MELD	13 (10-17)	14 (11-17)	13 (10-16)
MELD-Na	15.4 ± 4.5	15.7 ± 4.5	15.2 ± 4.5

Note all data are presented as n (%), median or mean ± SD.

FMT: Fecal microbiota transplantation; BMI: Body mass index; MASLD: Metabolic dysfunction-associated liver disease; TLC: Total leucocyte count; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; INR: International normalised ratio; AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein; CTP: Child-Turcotte-Pugh score; ANT: Animal naming test; LSM: Liver stiffness measurement; CAP: Controlled attenuation parameter; MELD: Model for end-stage liver disease.

Full Size Table

Citation: Agarwal A, Agrawal S, Talukdar D, Kaur M, Biswas S, Swaroop S, Golla R, Kandiyal B, Jana P, Tanwar S, Aggarwal A, Singh HC, Agarwal A, Mahajan M, Tiwari B, Nayak B, Goel A, Das B, Shalimar. Impact of two-session fecal microbiota transplantation on minimal hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis. World J Hepatol 2026; 18(4): 116153
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-5182/full/v18/i4/116153.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v18.i4.116153

Agarwal A, Agrawal S, Talukdar D, Kaur M, Biswas S, Swaroop S, Golla R, Kandiyal B, Jana P, Tanwar S, Aggarwal A, Singh HC, Agarwal A, Mahajan M, Tiwari B, Nayak B, Goel A, Das B, Shalimar. Impact of two-session fecal microbiota transplantation on minimal hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis. World J Hepatol 2026; 18(4): 116153 [DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v18.i4.116153]

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