Metabolically associated fatty liver disease: What hepatologists need to know about this systemic disease

Table 3 Complications of metabolically associated fatty liver disease

Complication	Mechanisms/links with MAFLD	Clinical outcomes	Ref.
Cardiovascular disease	Atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia, systemic inflammation	Myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure	Mantovani et al[254]
CKD	Shared risk factors (diabetes, hypertension), systemic inflammation	Higher CKD incidence, faster progression	Agustanti et al[296]
HCC	Fibrosis/cirrhosis, lipotoxicity, chronic inflammation	Increased HCC risk even without cirrhosis	Tan et al[356]
Advanced liver disease (fibrosis, cirrhosis)	Persistent steatosis, oxidative stress, inflammation	End-stage liver disease, need for transplantation	Spahis et al[73]

MAFLD: Metabolically associated fatty liver disease; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma.