Development and prospective validation of a machine learning model to predict mortality in cirrhosis with esophageal variceal bleeding

Table 1 Baseline characteristics, n (%)/mean ± SD

Characteristic	Retrospective (n = 94)	Prospective (n = 24)
Age	56.76 ± 9.76	58.5 ± 9.1
Sex male	73 (77.7)	19 (79.2)
Race
White	7 (16.7)	14 (58.3)
Black	2 (4.8)	7 (29.2)
Other	33 (78.6)	3 (12.5)
Etiology
Alcohol	58 (61.7)	14 (58.3)
Alcohol + HCV	13 (13.8)	3 (12.5)
HCV	17 (18.1)	6 (25.0)
Hepatorenal syndrome yes	18 (19.1)	2 (8.3)
Medication use
Omeprazole yes	28 (29.8)	6 (25.0)
Spironolactone yes	15 (16.0)	7 (29.2)
Furosemide yes	15 (16.0)	6 (25.0)
Propranolol yes	23 (24.5)	10 (41.7)
Clinical parameters
Dialysis yes	2 (2.1)	0 (0.0)
Portal vein thrombosis yes	3 (3.2)	2 (8.3)
Ascites yes	57 (60.6)	7 (33.3)
Hepatocellular carcinoma yes	9 (9.6)	3 (12.5)
Laboratory values
Albumin	2.66 ± 0.59	2.7 ± 1.0
Total bilirubin	3.30 ± 4.00	6.7 ± 11.1
Direct bilirubin	2.24 ± 3.14	5.1 ± 9.1
INR	1.62 ± 0.66	1.6 ± 0.4
Creatinine	1.31 ± 1.13	1.2 ± 0.7
Platelets	102892.47 ± 62639.32	117734.2 ± 119141.2
Other parameters
Varices yes	76 (98.7)	23 (95.8)
Active bleeding yes	12 (15.8)	5 (20.8)
1-year death yes	48 (51.1)	8 (33.3)

Baseline characteristics of patients with cirrhosis with acute esophageal variceal bleeding in the development (2010-2016) and prospective validation (2017-2018) cohorts. Laboratory values are presented in conventional units. Percentages were calculated excluding missing values. HCV: Hepatitis C virus; INR: International normalized ratio.