Changes in lipid biomarkers, liver stiffness and steatosis following sodium-glucose cotransporter two inhibitor therapy in type two diabetes

Table 2 Changes in alcohol consumption, smoking status, and lifestyle characteristics of the study participants between baseline and 6 months of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor therapy

Parameter		n (%) or n/N1		P value2
		Baseline	6 months
Frequency of alcohol consumption	No alcohol consumption	31 (46.3)	29 (43.9)	0.36
	Occasional alcohol consumption	32 (47.8)	31 (47.0)
	Regular alcohol consumption	4 (6.0)	6 (9.1)
1Regular drinkers-frequency (N = 4) (e.g., 250 mL of beer, 125 mL of wine or 30 mL of spirits)	Up to 2 drinks per week	1/4	1/4	0.323
	Up to 2 drinks per day	2/4	3/4
	Up to 3 drinks per day	1/4	0
Cigarette smoking status	Never smoker	28 (42.4)	23 (36.5)	0.25
	Former smoker	23 (34.8)	24 (38.1)
	Current smoker	15 (22.7)	16 (25.4)
1Daily cigarette consumption among smokers (N = 15)	≤ 20 cigarettes/day	5/15	7/15	0.183
	21-40 cigarettes/day	9/15	8/15
	> 40 cigarettes/day	1/15	0
1Duration of smoking (N = 15)	1–10 years	1/15	1/15	> 0.99
	More than 20 years	14/15	14/15
Main daily activity lasting more than 6 hours (N = 65)	Sitting	30 (46.2)	30 (40.2)	0.90
	Standing	10 (15.4)	8 (12.3)
	Walking	26 (38.5)	27 (41.5)
Number of main meals consumed per day (N = 66)	One	4 (6.1)	3 (4.5)	0.51
	Two	25 (37.9)	21 (31.8)
	Three	30 (45.5)	38 (57.6)
	Four or more	7 (10.6)	4 (6.1)
Dietary supplement use		10 (14.9)	16 (26.7)	0.06

¹n denotes the number of participants, and N denotes the total number of participants in the relevant subgroup (current smokers or regular drinkers).

²McNemar-Bowker’s test.

³Marginal Homogeneity test.