Enhanced surgical tolerance of schistosomiasis-induced fibrotic liver following treatment with Ziziphus plant extract

Table 3 Serum nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon-γ levels and apoptosis in different hamster groups, mean ± SD

	Control negative group I	Control negative ZSCLE-treated group II	Infected BLV group III	Infected BLV and ZSCLE-treated group IV	Infected BLV, ZSCLE-treated, and 50% resected group V	P value
Serum NO (μmol/mL)	85.20 ± 2.27	86.34 ± 2.68	60.32 ± 1.66a,b	76.92 ± 1.85a,b,c	79.29 ± 2.11a,b,c	< 0.0001
Serum TNF-α level (pg/mL)	17.57 ± 1.38	20.39 ± 1.31	189.27 ± 3.38a,b	45.21 ± 2.95a,b,c	39.85 ± 1.73a,b,c,d	< 0.0001
Serum IFN-γ level (pg/mL)	28.72 ± 1.33	31.81 ± 1.09	185.25 ± 4.91a,b	72.30 ± 2.92a,b,c	74.73 ± 3.26a,b,c	< 0.0001
Apoptosis, %	7.6	7.6	62.9	28.7	23.6

^aP < 0.05 vs group I.

^bP < 0.05 vs group II.

^cP < 0.05 vs group III.

^dP < 0.05 vs group IV.

Statistical test: One way ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey’s multiple comparison test. NO: Nitric oxide; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; INF: Interferon; BLV: Bovine leukemia virus; ZSCLE: Ziziphus spina-christi leaf extract.