Anti-hepatitis B virus effects of traditional Chinese medicine: Learning from clinical trials in the past twenty years

Table 2 The anti-hepatitis B virus mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine

Number	Immune cells or cytokines	Mechanism	Traditional Chinese medicine	Ref.
1	Plasma cells	The frequency increased	LMF	Li et al[6]
2	CD4+CD25+T cells	The frequency decreased	LMF	Li et al[7]
3	CD4+T cells	The expression level of IFN-γ on CD4+T cells increased	LMF	Li et al[7]
4	Th1 cells	The count increased	LMF	Ji et al[8]
5	Dendritic cells	The count increased; the levels of PD-L1 decreased	LMF	Ji et al[8]
6	Regulatory T cells	The levels of PD-L1 decreased	LMF	Ji et al[8]
7	Natural killer T cells	The proportion of NKG2A+NKT and PD-1+NKT decreased	LMF	Le et al[9]
8	IFN-β	Increased through mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein pathway	LMF	Zhang et al[10]
9	IL-10	Decreased	SQG; BSJPFb, oxymatrine	Zhu et al[13], Chen et al[15], Dong et al[18]
10	Transforming growth factor-β	Decreased	SQG	Zhu et al[13]
11	IFN-γ	Increased	BSJPFb, oxymatrine	Chen et al[15], Dong et al[18]
12	IL-1	Increased	BSJPFb	Chen et al[15]
13	IL-4	Decreased	BSJPFb, oxymatrine	Chen et al[15], Dong et al[18]
14	IL-2	Increased	Oxymatrine	Dong et al[18]
15	HBV-specific CTLs	The count increased, the PD-L1 Levels of HBV-specific CTLs decreased	Oxymatrine	Gu et al[[19]

BSJPFb: Bushen Jianpi formula B; CTLs: Cytotoxic T lymphocytes; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; IFN: Interferon; IL: Interleukin; LMF: Lingmao Formula; PD-L1: Programmed cell death ligand 1; SQG: Shuanghu Qinggan Granule.