Pathogenesis and clinical management of liver damage in porphyrias: Mechanisms and therapeutic approaches

Table 2 Categorization of high-risk pharmacological agents in porphyria

Drug category	Drug name
Psychiatric drugs	Phenobarbital, Phenytoin, Chlorzoxazone, Diphenhydramine, Carbamazepine, Sodium Valproate, Oxcarbazepine, Ergometrine, Methyldopa, Flurazepam
Intravenous anesthetics	Thiopental sodium
Antimicrobial drugs	Voriconazole, Itraconazole, Fluconazole, Trimethoprim, Chloramphenicol, Erythromycin, Sulfasalazine, Sulfamethoxazole, Rifampicin, Rifapentine, Ritonavir, Nevirapine, Dapsone, Furantoin
Hormonal drugs	Nandrolone, Estrogen drugs, Oral contraceptives, Mifepristone, Danazol
Other drugs	Spironolactone, Praziquantel, Hydralazine

All listed medications are prescribed only for urgent indications. Clinical precautions must be strictly followed in all patients due to potential risks. Consult prescribing guidelines before administration.