Biparametric magnetic resonance imaging-based radiomic and deep learning models for predicting Ki-67 risk stratification in hepatocellular carcinoma

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the included patients, n (%)/mean ± SD

		Total (n = 198)	Training (n = 138)	Validation (n = 60)	P value
Age (Years)		62.53 ± 10.39	62.27 ± 10.38	63.13 ± 10.47	0.624
Sex	Male	164 (82.83)	117 (84.78)	47 (78.33)	0.368
	Female	34 (17.17)	21 (15.22)	13 (21.67)
ALT (U/L)		35.96 ± 32.93	36.51 ± 35.22	34.70 ± 27.14	0.962
AST (U/L)		74.23 ± 44.00	71.43 ± 43.04	80.65 ± 45.87	0.189
TB (μmol/L)		16.38 ± 11.32	16.35 ± 12.90	16.46 ± 6.42	0.096
Cirrhosis	Positive	55 (27.78)	39 (28.26)	16 (26.67)	0.954
	Negative	143 (72.22)	99 (71.74)	44 (73.33)
AFP	≤ 20 ng/mL	106 (53.54)	77 (55.80)	29 (48.33)	0.416
	> 20 ng/mL	92 (46.46)	61 (44.20)	31 (51.67)
HBV/HCV	Positive	146 (73.74)	99 (71.74)	47 (78.33)	0.428
	Negative	52 (26.26)	39 (28.26)	13 (21.67)
BCLC stage	0-A	178 (89.90)	124 (89.86)	54 (90.00)	1.0
	BC	20 (10.10)	14 (10.14)	6 (10.00)
Child-Pugh	A	183 (92.42)	125 (90.58)	58 (96.67)	0.232
	B	15 (7.58)	13 (9.42)	2 (3.33)
HCC number	1	185 (93.43)	129 (93.48)	56 (93.33)	1.0
	2	13 (6.57)	9 (6.52)	4 (6.67)
Irregular shape	Positive	103 (52.02)	69 (50.00)	34 (56.67)	0.479
	Negative	95 (47.98)	69 (50.00)	26 (43.33)
Nonsmooth margin	Positive	117 (59.09)	83 (60.14)	34 (56.67)	0.764
	Negative	81 (40.91)	55 (39.86)	26 (43.33)
Enhancing capsule	Positive	168 (84.85)	120 (86.96)	48 (80.00)	0.299
	Negative	30 (15.15)	18 (13.04)	12 (20.00)
Mosaic architecture	Positive	115 (58.08)	84 (60.87)	31 (51.67)	0.294
	Negative	83 (41.92)	54 (39.13)	29 (48.33)
Peritumoral enhancement	Positive	82 (41.41)	58 (42.03)	24 (40.00)	0.913
	Negative	116 (58.59)	80 (57.97)	36 (60.00)
Intratumoral fat content	Positive	63 (31.82)	39 (28.26)	24 (40.00)	0.143
	Negative	135 (68.18)	99 (71.74)	36 (60.00)
Intratumoral blood products	Positive	72 (36.36)	49 (35.51)	23 (38.33)	0.827
	Negative	126 (63.64)	89 (64.49)	37 (61.67)
Ki-67 expression	Grade 1	119 (60.10)	78 (56.52)	41 (68.34)	0.196
	Grade 2	53 (26.77)	42 (30.44)	11 (18.33)
	Grade 3	26 (13.13)	18 (13.04)	8 (13.33)

ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; TB: Total bilirubin; AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; BCLC: Barcelona clinical liver cancer; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma.