Advancing therapeutic vaccines for chronic hepatitis B: Integrating reverse vaccinology and immunoinformatics

Table 3 Applications of immunoinformatics in chronic hepatitis B therapeutic vaccine design

Targeted antigens	Data type	Data source	Immunoinformatics applications	Ref.
HBV Polymerase	Proteomics	NCBI	Consensus sequence formation, epitope prediction, epitope selection (based on immunogenicity, toxicity, and conservation), population coverage calculation, and molecular docking analysis	Zheng et al[96], 2017
HBV polymerase; HBx	Proteomics	HBVdb	Epitope prediction and epitope selection (based on conservation and immunogenicity)	de Beijer et al[98], 2020
HBV polymerase	Proteomics	NCBI	Consensus sequence formation, epitope prediction, epitope selection (antigenicity, allergenicity, toxicity), population coverage calculation, physicochemical property prediction of vaccine candidates, secondary and tertiary structure prediction, molecular docking analysis, and molecular dynamics simulation	Ahmed et al[100], 2021
HBc; HBx	Proteomics	NCBI	Epitope prediction and epitope selection (conservation and autoimmunity)	Saeed et al[101], 2023
LHBs	Proteomics	NCBI	Epitope prediction, physicochemical property prediction, vaccine candidate antigenicity and allergenicity analysis, molecular docking analysis, molecular dynamics simulation, and immune response simulation	Zhu et al[104], 2024

HBc: Hepatitis B virus core protein; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HBVdb: Hepatitis B virus database; HBx: Hepatitis B virus X protein; LHBs: Large hepatitis B virus surface protein; NCBI: National Center for Biotechnology Information.