Dietary ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake improves skeletal muscle mass in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: A nationwide cross-sectional study

Table 3 Relationship between different ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids intake and appendicular skeletal muscle mass index from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2018 using weighted multiple linear regression analyses¹

	Model 1, β (95%CI)	Model 2, β (95%CI)	Model 3, β (95%CI)
ω-3 PUFAs (n = 2316)	0.19 (0.11, 0.27)	0.07 (0.02, 0.12)	0.06 (0.01, 0.11)
ALA, 18:3 (n = 2316)	0.19 (0.11, 0.28)	0.07 (0.01, 0.12)	0.06 (0.01, 0.12)
SDA, 18:4 (n = 1720)	1.40 (-0.23, 3.10)	0.63 (-0.57, 1.83)	0.53 (-0.69, 1.80)
EPA, 20:5 (n = 2252)	0.49 (-0.34, 1.32)	0.20 (-0.50, 0.90)	0.12 (-0.56, 0.80)
DPA, 22:5 (n = 2278)	4.13 (0.94, 7.41)	1.50 (0.27, 2.73)	1.28 (0.01, 2.54)
DHA, 22:6 (n = 2225)	0.32 (0.04, 0.61)	0.23 (0.05, 0.41)	0.19 (0.01, 0.37)

¹β and their 95%CIs were obtained though weighted multiple linear regression analyses. Model 1 No adjusted. Model 2 Adjusted for age, sex and body mass index. Model 3 Adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, race and ethnicity, education level, marital status, income to poverty ratio, current smoker and current drinker.

PUFAs: Polyunsaturated fatty acids; BMI: Body mass index; PIR: Income to poverty ratio; ALA: α-Linolenic acid; SDA: Stearidonic acid; EPA: Eicosapentaenoic acid; DPA: Docosapentaenoic acid; DHA: Docosahexaenoic acid.