Gut microbiota differences, metabolite changes, and disease intervention during metabolic - dysfunction - related fatty liver progression

Table 1 The production pathways of different short-chain fatty acids

	Related microorganisms	Way	Mechanism of action
Acetate[5,25,26,29,84,94]	Holdemanella	Acetyl-CoA pathway	(1) Improve mitochondrial modification and activate AMP-activated protein kinase to enhance fat oxidation[23]; (2) Activate GPR43 receptor[27]; and (3) Provide energy for organisms and synthesize cholesterol and lipids[26]
	F. prausnitzii
	Lachnospiraceae
	Ruminococcus
	Bifidobacterium
	Bacteroides
	Streptococcus
	Clostridum	The Wood-ljungdahl pathway
Propionate[5,22,25,26,84,94,95]	F. prausnitzii	Succinate pathway and acrylate pathway	(1) Enhance fatty-acid oxidation and reduce hepatic lipid accumulation[15]; (2) Activate GPR43 and GPR41 receptors[28]; and (3) Participate in the regulatory metabolism of gluconeogenesis[26]
	Prevotella
	Bacteroides
	Megasphaera elsdenii
	Dalister succinatiphilus
	Ruminococcus
	Veillonella
	Phascolarctobacterium
	Coprococcus
	Roseburia	Propylene glycol pathway
	Salmonella
	Akkermansia municiphilla
Butyrate[15,22,25,26,84,95,96]	Eubacteriota	Acetyl-coa pathway	(1) The energy source for the intestinal mucosa, promote the expression of tight junction proteins, and prevent "intestinal leakage"[97]; (2) Reduce the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors[25]; (3) Induce fat oxidation and attenuate the activation of HSC[16,36,37]; and (4) Activate GPR43 and GPR41 receptors[28]
	Clostridial cluster IV and XIVa
	Dalister succinatiphilus
	Oscillibacter
	Dorea
	F. prausnitzii
	Roseburia spp
	Ruminococcus
	Eubacterium rectale
	Coprococcus	Phosphotransbutyrylase/butyrate kinase pathway
	Anaerobutyricum
	Subdoligranulum
	Roseburia

F. prausnitzii: Faecalibacterium prausnitzii; HSC: Hepatic stellate cell.